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Flow Cytometry01:23

Flow Cytometry

The development of flow cytometry techniques began in 1934 with initial attempts by Andrew Moldavan, a bacteriologist who counted the cells in a flowing capillary system. Moldavan pumped cells through a capillary tube focused under a microscope for visualization. The invention of photometry allowed the measurement of differentially-stained cells, and Louis Kamentsky developed the first multiparameter flow cytometer in 1965 to identify and count the cancer cells in cervical tissue specimens.
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Meso-Scale Particle Image Velocimetry Studies of Neurovascular Flows In Vitro
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Differentiating CSF flow artifacts from pathology: an educational review.

Vivek Pai1,2, Alexandre Boutet2,3, Mikail Malik4

  • 1Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Insights Into Imaging
|December 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) artifacts from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow are common. Understanding these CSF flow artifacts and how to mitigate them is crucial for accurate neuroimaging interpretation.

Keywords:
ArtifactsCerebrospinal fluidMagnetic resonance imagingNeuroimaging

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroradiology
  • Medical Imaging
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the neuroaxis frequently exhibits artifacts.
  • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow artifacts are common and can impact diagnostic accuracy.
  • Familiarity with these artifacts and their mitigation is essential for neuroradiologists.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review common CSF flow artifacts encountered in neuroimaging.
  • To illustrate the practical implications of these artifacts in diagnostic decision-making.
  • To highlight strategies for mitigating CSF flow artifacts.

Main Methods:

  • Educational review of common CSF flow artifacts.
  • Presentation of pictorial examples of key artifact cases.
  • Discussion of artifact impact on diagnosis and mitigation techniques.

Main Results:

  • CSF artifacts arise from flow dynamics, phase differences, and magnetic field interactions.
  • Common artifacts include phase encoding artifacts, time-of-flight signal loss, entry slice phenomenon, and intravoxel dephasing.
  • These artifacts can obscure or mimic pathology, degrade image quality, or occasionally aid diagnosis.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding CSF flow artifacts is critical for accurate neuroradiological interpretation.
  • Mitigation strategies involve simple modifications to MRI parameters and sequences.
  • Proper identification and management of CSF artifacts enhance diagnostic confidence.