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Related Concept Videos

The Sympathetic Nervous System01:25

The Sympathetic Nervous System

Overview
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
Components of Stress01:23

Components of Stress

Stress analysis under multiple loading conditions is intricate, necessitating a comprehensive grasp of normal and shearing stresses. Consider a small cube at point O, subjected to stress on all six faces, visible or not. Normal stress components σx, σy, σz act perpendicularly to the x, y, and z axes. Shearing stress components τxy and τxz are exerted on faces perpendicular to these axes.
Interestingly, the hidden cube faces also experience these stresses, equal and opposite to those on the...
Introduction to Stress and Lifestyle01:27

Introduction to Stress and Lifestyle

Stress is a multifaceted response to events perceived as challenging or threatening, highlighting physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral reactions. Physically, stress can lead to fatigue, sleep disruptions, and various health issues such as frequent colds, chest pains, and nausea. Emotionally, it can manifest as anxiety, depression, irritability, and anger triggered by both minor and major life events. Cognitively, it may result in difficulty in concentration, memory, and...
Physiological Foundation of Stress01:24

Physiological Foundation of Stress

Stress triggers a coordinated physiological response involving the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This dual activation ensures that the body is prepared for both immediate and prolonged stress management. The process begins with the perception of a stressor. This initial phase activates the SNS, leading to the rapid release of adrenaline (epinephrine) from the adrenal glands.
Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System
Adrenaline triggers the...
Stress Response System01:21

Stress Response System

The stress response system, also known as the fight-or-flight response, is the body's automatic physiological reaction to perceived threats. Hans Selye introduced the concept of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) to describe the predictable pattern of changes that occur in response to stress. GAS consists of three sequential stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. This model helps explain how chronic stress can contribute to health problems.
Alarm stage
In the alarm stage, the body's initial...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

The Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Protocol for Inducing Anhedonia in Mice
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Repeated Forced-Swim Stress Modulates Neural Structure and Hepatic Gene Expression in the Stressed Mice Model.

Abeer Asif1, Rubab Batool1, Shahzadi Arhum1

  • 1KAM School of Life Sciences, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan.

Neuropsychobiology
|December 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Chronic stress causes physical and molecular damage to organs. Key stress biomarkers like Fkbp5, Npy, and Ppm1f were significantly upregulated, indicating their role in stress-induced harm.

Keywords:
DepressionLiver damageNeural structure genesRepeated forced-swim stressStressTail suspension test

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Toxicology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Chronic stress disrupts homeostasis, leading to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation.
  • Research is needed to understand the physical and molecular impacts of stress on organ integrity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the physical and molecular effects of chronic stress on brain and liver integrity.
  • To analyze behavioral, biochemical, histological, and genetic changes induced by stress.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a repeated forced swim stress (FSS) model in C57BL/6 mice.
  • Assessed behavioral changes, liver enzymes (ALT, ALP), red blood cell indices (MCH), and gene expression of stress biomarkers (Bdnf, Fkbp5, Npy, Comt, Ppm1f, Adra2b, Slc6a4, Crp, Cyp2e1, Irs-2).

Main Results:

  • Behavioral tests showed reduced mobility in stressed mice.
  • Histopathology revealed mild brain deterioration and moderate liver damage.
  • Elevated liver enzymes (ALT, ALP) and upregulated gene expression of Npy, Fkbp5, and Ppm1f were observed in stressed mice.

Conclusions:

  • Chronic stress induces observable physical and molecular changes in organs.
  • Fkbp5, Npy, and Ppm1f show potential as biomarkers for stress-induced damage.