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Electrical Synapses

Electrical Synapses

Electrical synapses found in all nervous systems play important and unique roles. In these synapses, the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are very close together (3.5 nm) and are actually physically connected by channel proteins forming gap junctions.
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Updated: May 2, 2026

Simultaneous EEG Monitoring During Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Simultaneous EEG Monitoring During Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Published on: June 17, 2013

High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation During Sleep.

Seo Ho Song¹, Shengzi Zeng², Tony J Cunningham²

¹Center for Sleep and Cognition, Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School; ssong4@bidmc.harvard.edu.

Journal of Visualized Experiments : Jove

|December 22, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) precisely modulates brain activity during sleep. This method, combined with high-definition electroencephalography (HD-EEG), allows targeted sleep research and potential clinical applications.

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Last Updated: May 2, 2026

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Published on: September 26, 2025

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Sleep Science
Neuromodulation

Background:

Sleep plays a critical role in cognitive function and overall health.
Precisely targeting neural activity during sleep is essential for understanding sleep neurobiology.
Current neuromodulation techniques often lack the spatial resolution needed for targeted sleep interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

To present a standardized yet flexible protocol for high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) during sleep.
To detail the simultaneous use of HD-tDCS and high-definition electroencephalography (HD-EEG) for monitoring sleep architecture and stimulation effects.
To establish HD-tDCS as a robust platform for investigating sleep neurobiology and its clinical implications.

Main Methods:

Utilized a 4 x 1 ring electrode configuration for HD-tDCS.
Simultaneously recorded HD-EEG to monitor sleep architecture and neural responses.
Emphasized precise electrode placement, impedance management, and real-time sleep staging.

Main Results:

Demonstrated the capability of HD-tDCS to achieve high spatial precision in modulating neural activity during sleep.
Showcased the ability to systematically tune stimulation parameters for distinct neurophysiological outcomes.
Validated the integration of HD-tDCS and HD-EEG for comprehensive sleep analysis.

Conclusions:

The presented HD-tDCS protocol offers a versatile methodology for targeted sleep research.
This approach facilitates causal investigations into sleep physiology and its clinical ramifications.
HD-tDCS provides a robust platform for advancing basic neuroscience and developing sleep optimization strategies.