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A3-TTA: Adaptive Anchor Alignment Test-Time Adaptation for Image Segmentation.

Jianghao Wu, Xiangde Luo, Yubo Zhou

    IEEE Transactions on Image Processing : a Publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society
    |December 22, 2025
    PubMed
    Summary
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    A novel Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) framework, A3-TTA, generates reliable pseudo-labels using anchor-guided supervision. This approach significantly enhances image segmentation performance under domain shift, outperforming existing methods.

    Area of Science:

    • Computer Vision
    • Machine Learning
    • Medical Imaging

    Background:

    • Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) enables image segmentation model deployment under domain shift without retraining.
    • Pseudo-labeling is a common TTA strategy, but existing methods using perturbation heuristics yield unstable training signals and error accumulation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a robust TTA framework that generates reliable pseudo-labels for improved image segmentation performance.
    • To address the instability and error accumulation issues in current pseudo-label-based TTA methods.

    Main Methods:

    • Proposed A3-TTA framework utilizing anchor-guided supervision for reliable pseudo-label generation.
    • Identified well-predicted target domain images (anchors) using class compact density metric.

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  • Regularized pseudo-label generation via semantic consistency and boundary-aware entropy minimization.
  • Introduced self-adaptive exponential moving average for label noise mitigation and stable model updates.
  • Main Results:

    • A3-TTA significantly improved average Dice scores by 10.40 to 17.68 percentage points compared to the source model on medical and natural image datasets.
    • Outperformed several state-of-the-art TTA methods across different segmentation architectures.
    • Demonstrated strong performance in continual TTA with excellent anti-forgetting capabilities.

    Conclusions:

    • A3-TTA provides a stable and effective solution for domain-adaptive image segmentation.
    • Anchor-guided supervision and proposed regularization techniques enhance pseudo-label reliability.
    • The framework shows promise for real-world deployment of segmentation models under varying data distributions.