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Related Concept Videos

Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Bone Remodeling and Repair01:31

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

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A Postoperative Evaluation Guideline for Computer-Assisted Reconstruction of the Mandible
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AI-Assisted Soft Tissue Virtual Planning in Computer-Assisted Jaw Reconstruction with Fibula Free Flaps.

Jane J Pu1, Dinggang Shen2,3, Xiao Fan4

  • 1Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
|December 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Artificial intelligence and augmented reality enhance jaw reconstruction by accurately planning soft tissue, improving flap design and harvest. This combined approach increases predictability in computer-assisted surgery for functional reconstructions.

Keywords:
3D printingComputer-assisted surgeryartificial intelligenceaugmented realityfibula flapjaw reconstructionperforator

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Area of Science:

  • Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Medical Artificial Intelligence

Background:

  • Computer-assisted surgery (CAS) has advanced jaw reconstruction, yet soft tissue planning remains a challenge.
  • Virtual surgical planning (VSP) often neglects perforator position and soft tissue, complicating flap inset.
  • Limited progress in soft tissue planning hinders predictable execution of virtual surgical plans.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate an artificial intelligence (AI) program for automatic segmentation of skin perforating vessels.
  • To integrate AI-driven vessel segmentation into the VSP workflow for jaw reconstruction.
  • To assess the accuracy and clinical utility of AI and augmented reality (AR) in soft tissue planning for computer-assisted jaw reconstruction.

Main Methods:

  • An AI program was developed to automatically segment skin perforating vessels.
  • Perforator models were incorporated into VSP for osteotomy and dental implantation site design.
  • Goggle-free AR was used for intraoperative flap design and harvest based on AI-identified vessel projection.

Main Results:

  • The AI program mapped 79 skin perforators in 26 patients, integrated into VSP.
  • No intraoperative adjustments were needed due to perforator location, with 92.8% predictive accuracy.
  • The combined AI and AR approach demonstrated promising outcomes in flap design and harvest.

Conclusions:

  • This study introduces the first combined AI and AR approach for soft tissue planning in computer-assisted jaw reconstruction.
  • The AI and AR integration significantly improved the predictability of functional jaw reconstruction.
  • The developed system shows potential to enhance surgical outcomes and reduce intraoperative complications.