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Related Concept Videos

Language Development01:22

Language Development

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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
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Natural and Artificial Concepts01:24

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In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories: natural and artificial. Natural concepts are formed through direct or indirect experiences. For example, consider the concept of snow. If you live in a place with regular snowfall, such as Essex Junction, Vermont, you know snow through direct experiences. You’ve seen it fall, touched it, shoveled it, and played in it. You recognize its texture, appearance, and even its smell. In contrast, if you live on an island like Saint...
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An important concept in studying metabolism and energy is that of chemical equilibrium. Most chemical reactions are reversible. They can proceed in both directions, releasing energy into their environment in one direction, and absorbing it from the environment in the other direction. The same is true for the chemical reactions involved in cell metabolism, such as the breaking down and building up of proteins into and from individual amino acids, respectively. Reactants within a closed system...
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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Language01:16

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Language is a unique communication system that uses words and systematic rules to organize and transmit information. Unlike other forms of communication, which may involve postures, movements, odors, or vocalizations, language relies on symbols and grammar. This makes human communication distinct from that of other species, who also communicate but do not use language in the same way humans do.
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Augmenting Large Language Models via Vector Embeddings to Improve Domain-Specific Responsiveness
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Generative AI: foundational models. Natural Language Processing (NLP) and LARGE Language Models (LLM).

Juan Mora-Delgado1, Luis Ramos-Ruperto2, María José Pardilla3

  • 1Grupo de Trabajo Medicina Digital de la SEMI, Spain; Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Medicina Interna y Cuidados Paliativos, Hospital Universitario Jerez de la Frontera, Jerez, Spain.

Revista Clinica Espanola
|December 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Generative AI, including large language models, offers practical integration for internists in clinical practice. Key adaptation mechanisms and requirements are discussed for enhancing decision-making and workflows.

Keywords:
Artificial intelligenceClinical decision support systemsElectronic health recordsInteligencia artificialInternistasInternistsNatural language processingProcesamiento de lenguaje naturalRegistros electrónicos de saludSistemas de apoyo a la decisión clínica

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Informatics
  • Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
  • Clinical Decision Support

Background:

  • Generative AI and large language models (LLMs) are emerging technologies with potential applications in healthcare.
  • Internists require practical guidance on integrating these tools into daily clinical workflows.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide internists with a practical overview of integrating generative AI and LLMs into clinical practice.
  • To analyze adaptation mechanisms, technical requirements, and opportunities for AI in Internal Medicine.

Main Methods:

  • Description of primary adaptation mechanisms: fine-tuning and retrieval-augmented generation (RAG).
  • Analysis of technical and organizational requirements: infrastructure, EHR integration, security/privacy (GDPR, EU AI Act).
  • Highlighting real-world examples in Internal Medicine for report generation, clinical synthesis, and differential diagnoses.

Main Results:

  • Generative AI can enhance clinical decision-making, optimize workflows, and reduce administrative burden.
  • Identified limitations include AI bias, hallucinations, and the necessity for human oversight.
  • Technical requirements involve infrastructure, EHR integration, and robust security/privacy protocols.

Conclusions:

  • Internists can responsibly and efficiently incorporate generative AI tools with proper validation and transparency.
  • Prospective validation in real-world settings is recommended for ensuring explainable AI.
  • The study empowers internists to leverage AI for improved patient care and practice efficiency.