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Updated: Jan 8, 2026

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Cellulosic fiber and aqueous effluent dye removal using deep eutectic solvents.

Óscar Martínez-Rico1, Ángeles Domínguez1, Begoña González1

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
|December 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Eco-friendly deep eutectic solvents effectively remove dyes from textile wastewater and fabrics. This facilitates textile recycling by achieving over 95% dye removal while maintaining fabric integrity.

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Area of Science:

  • Green Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Environmental Engineering

Background:

  • Textile industry generates significant wastewater and solid waste.
  • Effective recycling strategies are crucial for environmental sustainability.
  • Dye removal is key to reintegrating textile materials into the production cycle.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore eco-friendly deep eutectic solvents (DES) for sustainable dye removal.
  • To facilitate the recyclability of aqueous dye solutions and cotton fabrics.
  • To assess the stability and efficiency of novel DES formulations.

Main Methods:

  • Formulation of two ammonium salt-based DES: hydrophobic (THAB/EG) and hydrophilic (TMAH·5H2O/urea).
  • Optimization of extraction conditions for dye removal from aqueous media and cotton fabrics.
Keywords:
CelluloseCottonNew solvents

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  • Physicochemical characterization of DES stability.
  • Assessment of cotton fiber integrity using size-exclusion chromatography.

    • Main Results:

    • Both DES demonstrated strong extractive capabilities for reactive and direct dyes.
    • Efficient dye removal (>95%) achieved with optimized DES/matrix ratios (1:20 fabric/DES, 1:3900 DES/aqueous phase).
    • Cotton fiber structural integrity remained within acceptable limits for recycling.

    Conclusions:

    • Eco-friendly DES offer a sustainable solution for textile dye removal.
    • These solvents enable efficient recycling of both textile wastewater and fabrics.
    • The developed DES are stable and preserve the quality of cotton fibers for reuse.