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Does a Smarter ChatGPT Become More Utilitarian?

Jürgen Pfeffer1, Sebastian Krügel2, Matthias Uhl3

  • 1Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Social Sciences and Technology, Munich, Germany.

Science and Engineering Ethics
|December 22, 2025
PubMed
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Large language models (LLMs) show a shift towards utilitarian ethics as their capabilities grow. Continuous monitoring of LLM moral reasoning is crucial for responsible AI development and use.

Keywords:
ChatGPTEthical theoriesLarge language modelsTrolley dilemmaUtilitarianism

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Area of Science:

  • Artificial Intelligence Ethics
  • Natural Language Processing
  • Computational Ethics

Background:

  • Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used by millions for advice.
  • Advancements in LLM logical capabilities may introduce unintended ethical side effects.
  • Recent ChatGPT developments show a correlation between logical leaps and ethical stance shifts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the ethical implications of increasing LLM logical capabilities.
  • To analyze the shift in ethical stances in recent LLM developments, specifically ChatGPT.
  • To highlight the need for research into the prevalence and evolution of ethical theories in LLMs.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of recent ChatGPT model developments.
  • Examination of responses to classic ethical dilemmas.
  • Comparative analysis of ethical stances correlated with model capability growth.

Main Results:

  • Evidence of a systematic shift in ethical stances accompanying increased logical capabilities in ChatGPT.
  • A tendency for more utilitarian answers to ethical dilemmas as model capacity increases.
  • Demonstration of a link between LLM advancement and ethical decision-making.

Conclusions:

  • LLM advancements, particularly in logical reasoning, are associated with a discernible shift towards utilitarian ethical frameworks.
  • There is a critical need for focused research on the ethical theories embedded in LLMs and their dynamic changes.
  • Continuous monitoring and transparent reporting of LLM moral reasoning are essential for responsible AI deployment.