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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Collecting Sleep, Circadian, Fatigue, and Performance Data in Complex Operational Environments
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Associations between daily physical activity timing and sleep efficiency revealed by explainable machine learning.

Jihee Choe1, Yujin Oh1, Chanwoo Park2

  • 1Department of Software Convergence, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea.

Scientific Reports
|December 22, 2025
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Summary

Physical activity significantly improves sleep efficiency, especially low-intensity evening exercise. This research offers personalized strategies for better sleep quality by considering circadian rhythms and activity timing.

Keywords:
ActigraphyCircadian rhythmMachine learningPhysical activitySleep efficiencyTwo process model

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Area of Science:

  • Sleep Science
  • Exercise Physiology
  • Chronobiology

Background:

  • Insomnia affects 30% of adults globally, impacting health and quality of life.
  • Physical activity is a potential non-pharmacological treatment for sleep issues.
  • Previous studies lacked consideration of circadian rhythms and timing of exercise.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To clarify the daily association between sleep and physical activity.
  • To investigate the impact of physical activity timing and intensity on sleep.
  • To examine these effects across different circadian rhythm groups.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of physical activity by time of day and intensity.
  • Division of participants into circadian rhythm groups.
  • Application of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) for detailed analysis.

Main Results:

  • Physical activity significantly influenced sleep efficiency (accuracy > 0.8).
  • Explainable AI revealed time-of-day dependent effects of physical activity.
  • Low-intensity evening activity (12-15 hours post-waking) showed the greatest impact.

Conclusions:

  • Personalized, non-pharmacological sleep interventions can be developed based on activity timing.
  • Explainable machine learning can elucidate complex sleep-activity relationships.
  • Findings provide a foundation for promoting sleep health through tailored physical activity.