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Fixation and Sectioning01:03

Fixation and Sectioning

Two basic types of preparation are used to visualize specimens with a light microscope: wet mounts and fixed specimens.
The simplest type of preparation is the wet mount, in which the specimen is placed in a drop of liquid on the slide. A liquid specimen can be directly deposited on the slide using a dropper. Solid specimens, such as skin scraping, can be placed on the slide before adding a drop of liquid to prepare the wet mount. Sometimes the liquid is simply water, but stains are often added...

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Preoperative semi-automatic segmentation in incus defects.

Tuğba Yemiş1, Rıza Aktepe2, Ali Yavuz Uzun3

  • 1Medical Faculty, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Islampaşa Mahallesi.Şehit Ali Islamoğlu Caddesi No.16/301, PB: 53100, Rize, Turkey. tugba.yemis@erdogan.edu.tr.

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|December 22, 2025
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Summary

Three-dimensional (3D) imaging accurately detects incus defects, improving surgical planning for ossicular chain reconstruction. This technology shows high diagnostic accuracy for identifying these common hearing issues.

Keywords:
3D imageIncus defectPersonalized prosthesis

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Medical Imaging
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Partial ossicular replacement prosthesis (PORP) surgery has a low long-term success rate.
  • Three-dimensional (3D) imaging may enhance the identification and modeling of ossicular chain defects.
  • Accurate diagnosis of incus defects is crucial for successful surgical outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of a 3D modeling method for identifying incus defects.
  • To compare the effectiveness of 3D imaging with intraoperative findings.
  • To assess the potential of 3D imaging in improving surgical planning for ossicular reconstruction.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and intraoperative images.
  • Inclusion of patients with incus defects and controls with intact ossicular chains.
  • Utilizing 3D Slicer software for automatic segmentation and 3D model construction from HRCT scans.
  • Comparison of intraoperative findings with 3D imaging results using Cohen's kappa, sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values.

Main Results:

  • A total of 129 ears were analyzed.
  • 3D imaging identified incus defects in 34.1% of cases, closely matching intraoperative findings (35.7%).
  • Excellent agreement (Cohen's kappa = 0.83) was observed between 3D models and intraoperative views.
  • The 3D model demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy: sensitivity 86.96%, specificity 95.18%, and overall accuracy 92.24%.

Conclusions:

  • 3D imaging provides high diagnostic accuracy for incus defects in well-aerated ears.
  • This technology can facilitate surgical planning for ossicular chain reconstruction.
  • 3D imaging may enable the design of personalized prostheses for improved surgical outcomes.