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Modeling bulk mechanical effects in a planar cellular monolayer.

Natasha Cowley1, Sarah Woolner2, Oliver E Jensen1

  • 1University of Manchester, Department of Mathematics, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom.

Physical Review. E
|December 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a 2D cell vertex model that captures bulk mechanical effects in epithelia. It reveals how cell volume and surface area influence mechanical properties, offering new insights into tissue mechanics.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Cell Biology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Standard 2D vertex models lack coupling between apical area and perimeter energy variations.
  • Bulk effects from cell volume and surface area are crucial for understanding epithelial mechanics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a 2D cell vertex model incorporating bulk effects for describing epithelial mechanical properties.
  • To identify mechanisms of in-plane rigidity loss in cell monolayers.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a 3D cell vertex model formulation reduced to 2D by treating cell height as a degree of freedom.
  • Analyzing energy variations due to changes in cell apical area and perimeter.
  • Investigating five mechanisms of in-plane rigidity loss.

Main Results:

  • The model reveals coupling between apical area and perimeter energy variations due to bulk effects.
  • Identified five mechanisms for loss of in-plane rigidity, including surface area variations and adhesion strength.
  • Distinguished bulk from in-plane stresses and identified measures of cell shear stress.
  • Observed cell elongation towards the monolayer center due to lateral crowding in the rigid regime.

Conclusions:

  • The developed 2D model effectively captures bulk mechanical effects in epithelia.
  • The findings provide a more comprehensive understanding of epithelial mechanics and rigidity transitions.