Rethinking brachycephaly: Anatomical implications and health considerations in lagomorphs

Brachycephaly in domestic rabbits is increasingly perceived by welfare organizations as associated with significant health complications, particularly oral pathologies. Despite this perception, comparative anatomical research into rabbit brachycephaly is limited compared to that of dogs and cats, compelling an in-depth examination of its health implications. This review aims to fill notable knowledge gaps by summarizing existing literature on the prevalence of health disorders associated with the morphological implications of brachycephalic rabbit breeds, particularly dental diseases. Research evidence indicates that congenital brachygnathia superior leads to secondary incisor malocclusion before 12 weeks of age, while dental issues developing thereafter have been attributed to progressive syndrome of acquired dental disease (PSADD). Interestingly, research studies show no statistical correlation between brachycephalic traits and the incidence or severity of PSADD, contrary to expectations. Gaining insights into the morphological origins of brachycephaly in lagomorphs and its health implications is vital for veterinary practitioners, enabling them to address dental and morphological disorders objectively rather than relying on indirect evidence focused on other brachycephalic species. This review ultimately seeks to empower veterinary anatomists and veterinary-related professionals to make informed decisions regarding health implications, welfare management, breeding, and dental care practices based on the morphological differences across brachycephalic breeds of lagomorphs, thereby enhancing the welfare and health standards of wild and domestic rabbits.