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Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

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Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
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Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

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Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human...
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Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I03:24

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

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The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
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Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

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Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets....
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Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Sputter Growth and Characterization of Metamagnetic B2-ordered FeRh Epilayers
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C16 Phase High Entropy Borides With High Magnetic Anisotropy.

Willie B Beeson1, Dhritiman Bhattacharya1, Dinesh Bista1

  • 1Physics Department, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|December 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Researchers discovered new high entropy borides with a C16 structure, offering strong magnetic anisotropy using earth-abundant elements. This breakthrough avoids rare-earth metals for sustainable, high-performance magnetic materials.

Keywords:
borideshigh entropy materialshigh magnetic anisotropyrare‐earth‐free magnets

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid State Physics
  • Magnetism

Background:

  • High magnetic anisotropy materials are crucial for technology but often rely on unsustainable rare-earth and precious metals.
  • The high entropy composition space offers potential for earth-abundant alternatives, but typically yields disordered structures unsuitable for anisotropy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discover novel high entropy materials with high magnetic anisotropy using earth-abundant elements.
  • To explore the C16 crystal structure for achieving uniaxial magnetic anisotropy in high entropy alloys.
  • To enhance magnetic anisotropy through compositional tuning and exploration of the high entropy space.

Main Methods:

  • Combinatorial sputtering was used to explore a wide high entropy composition space.
  • Synthesis and characterization of novel quinary borides with the C16 crystal structure.
  • Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed to support experimental findings and predict anisotropy.

Main Results:

  • Discovery of novel quinary borides exhibiting the C16 uniaxial crystal structure and high magnetic anisotropy.
  • Successfully switched easy-plane anisotropy to easy-axis anisotropy by mixing Fe and Co.
  • Observed a significant, more than two-fold increase in coercivity compared to binary and ternary borides.
  • DFT calculations predicted magnetic anisotropy approaching 10^7 erg/cm^3.

Conclusions:

  • Established a boron-assisted synthesis strategy for creating high magnetic anisotropy materials from earth-abundant elements.
  • Demonstrated the potential of high entropy C16 borides as sustainable alternatives to rare-earth-based magnetic materials.
  • The findings pave the way for developing next-generation magnetic technologies with improved sustainability.