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Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Differentiated Mouse Adipocytes in Primary Culture: A Model of Insulin Resistance
Published on: February 17, 2023
Hormonal Modulation of Fat Mass Induced Insulin Resistance
Humam Emad Rajha1, Ahmed Arabi1, Dima Nasrallah1
1Department of Population Medicine, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
Objective:
This study examines the impact of body mass index (BMI) on homeostatic model assessment for insulin sensitivity (HOMA-S) and homeostatic model assessment for pancreatic β-cell function (HOMA-B) in adults with obesity but without diabetes. Additionally, the association of key hormones, leptin and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), with HOMA indices and BMI has been investigated.
Methods:
This cross-sectional study involved 289 adults without diabetes from Hamad General Hospital in Qatar. BMI was analyzed as a predictor of HOMA-S and HOMA-B using adjusted multivariable linear regression. A logistic regression model was used to investigate hormonal predictors of insulin sensitive phenotype (ISP), and results were presented using margins plots, stratified by obesity classes.
Results:
We found a strong, linear dose-response relationship between BMI and HOMA indices, with each unit increase in BMI linked to approximately a 2% decline in HOMA-S and a 1% rise in HOMA-B. Subgroup analysis revealed that the effects on ISP were more strongly driven by hormonal variations, particularly leptin and GIP levels, than by BMI alone.
Conclusions:
Our findings demonstrate that BMI is a proxy for hormonal variations, particularly in leptin and GIP, which more strongly predict insulin sensitivity. These results support the need for incorporating hormonal markers into obesity-related risk assessment and management strategies.
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