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Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.
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Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Visualization of Failure and the Associated Grain-Scale Mechanical Behavior of Granular Soils under Shear using Synchrotron X-Ray Micro-Tomography
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Material-defined two-dimensional numerical model for grain-scale nonlinear elasticity.

Ryley G Hill1, Robert A Guyer1,2, Paul A Johnson1

  • 1Earth and Environmental Sciences 17, National Security Earth Science, Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico 87545, USA.

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
|December 23, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study models nonlinear elastic wave behavior in granular media using Berea Sandstone properties. The microstructural model explains experimentally observed acoustic nonlinearity in solids.

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Area of Science:

  • Geophysics
  • Materials Science
  • Acoustics

Background:

  • Characterizing complex granular media requires understanding nonlinear mesoscopic elastic materials.
  • Acoustic manifestations are key to this characterization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a numerical model for nonlinear elastic wave behavior in granular media.
  • To capture the behavior of Berea Sandstone under cyclic loading.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a numerical model using Berea Sandstone properties.
  • Simulated quasi-static loading scenarios.
  • Tracked the material matrix to identify force pairs controlling hysteresis.

Main Results:

  • The model captures nonlinear elastic wave behavior and rate-independent hysteresis.
  • Spatially varying nonlinear stress-strain behavior in the matrix governs hysteresis.
  • Identified force pairs consistent with phenomenological models.

Conclusions:

  • Physically motivated microstructural modeling provides insight into experimentally observed nonlinear acoustic phenomena.
  • This approach advances understanding beyond phenomenological descriptions of acoustic nonlinearity in solids.