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Enterococcus faecalis modulates phase variation in Clostridioides difficile.

Ashley S Weiss1,2, Jilarie A Santos-Santiago3, Orlaith Keenan1,2

  • 1Division of Protective Immunity, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Journal of Bacteriology
|December 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Enterococcus faecalis influences Clostridioides difficile phase variation, altering its population heterogeneity. This interaction impacts C. difficile phenotypes, highlighting the role of polymicrobial environments in pathogen adaptation and persistence.

Keywords:
colony morphologyphase variationpolymicrobial interactionssurface motility

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Pathogen-host interactions
  • Microbial ecology

Background:

  • Enteric pathogens like Clostridioides difficile use phase variation for adaptation.
  • The influence of gut microbiota on pathogen heterogeneity is understudied.
  • Enterococcus faecalis co-infects the gut with C. difficile.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how Enterococcus faecalis affects Clostridioides difficile phase variation.
  • To explore the impact of polymicrobial interactions on C. difficile population heterogeneity.

Main Methods:

  • Culturing E. faecalis and C. difficile together on solid media.
  • Observing changes in C. difficile colony morphology and cell characteristics.
  • Analyzing the CmrRST signal transduction system's role in phenotypic shifts.

Main Results:

  • E. faecalis significantly altered C. difficile phenotypes associated with CmrRST phase variation.
  • E. faecalis promoted a switch to the 'cmr-ON' state in C. difficile, causing cell chaining and rough colonies.
  • This effect was specific to E. faecalis, with other tested bacteria showing no similar impact.

Conclusions:

  • Polymicrobial environments, specifically the presence of E. faecalis, critically influence C. difficile population heterogeneity.
  • Microbial ecology and interactions play a complex role in shaping pathogen phenotypic variation.
  • Understanding these interactions may reveal new therapeutic targets for C. difficile infections.