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Geometric morphometric data in cladistics: comparison with phylogenies inferred from morphological data.

Margaux Simon-Maciejewski1, Giorgio Manzi2, Valéry Zeitoun3

  • 1Histoire Naturelle, PaléoFED, (HNHP, UMR 7194) CNRS/MNHN/UPVD, Musée de l'Homme, Paris, France;Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy,margauxyveline.simonmaciejewski@gmail.com.

Journal of Anthropological Sciences = Rivista Di Antropologia : JASS
|December 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Integrating 3D geometric morphometric data with cladistic analysis provides new insights into human evolution. This study compares 3D data and traditional morphological traits to reassess the genus Homo phylogeny.

Keywords:
CladisticsGenus HomoGeometric MorphometricsPhylogenyTNT software

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Area of Science:

  • Paleoanthropology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Phylogenetic analyses traditionally rely on discrete morphological characters.
  • 3D geometric morphometrics offers a novel approach to quantify shape variation.
  • Integrating these methods can refine evolutionary relationship studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare phylogenetic results from 3D geometric morphometric data and traditional morphological characters within the genus Homo.
  • To assess the utility of new cladistic protocols using 3D data.
  • To gain new insights into hominid evolutionary relationships.

Main Methods:

  • Applied cladistic protocols using 3D landmark data and discrete morphological characters to 78 hominid calvaria.
  • Generated three datasets: Procrustes-aligned 3D coordinates, principal component coordinates, and coded morphological features.
  • Constructed phylogenetic trees using TNT software with a three-step heuristic search and character reweighting.

Main Results:

  • Cladistic analyses using 3D data and discrete morphological traits produced different yet largely congruent phylogenetic trees.
  • The study highlights the complementary strengths and limitations of each analytical approach.
  • Results offer new perspectives on ongoing debates in palaeoanthropology.

Conclusions:

  • 3D geometric morphometrics integrated with cladistics provides a powerful tool for phylogenetic reassessment.
  • Comparing 3D and traditional methods enhances understanding of hominid evolutionary history.
  • This integrated approach yields valuable insights into the genus Homo's phylogeny.