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Sleep problems in older adults are linked to cognitive decline. This study found distinct sleep changes over five years in individuals with different cognitive trajectories, suggesting brain changes impact sleep.

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Sleep Science
  • Cognitive Neuroscience

Background:

  • Sleep disturbances are prevalent in older adults and associated with cognitive impairment risk.
  • Longitudinal data on sleep changes and cognitive performance in this demographic are scarce.
  • Understanding these relationships is crucial for early detection and intervention strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how objectively measured sleep parameters change over time in older adults.
  • To determine if distinct cognitive trajectories are associated with different patterns of longitudinal sleep changes.
  • To explore the link between sleep alterations and cognitive decline in aging.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized actigraphy to monitor sleep duration, wake after sleep onset (WASO), and sleep efficiency in 219 older adults over a median of 4 years.
  • Employed latent class mixed-effects models to identify cognitive trajectories based on the telephone Montreal Cognitive Assessment (T-MoCA).
  • Applied generalized additive mixed-effects models to analyze sleep patterns across cognitive groups, controlling for demographic factors.

Main Results:

  • Identified three cognitive trajectory groups: Consistently High-performance, Medium-performance, and Declining performance.
  • Significant differences in longitudinal changes of sleep duration, WASO, and sleep efficiency were observed across cognitive groups (p < 0.001).
  • The declining cognitive group showed steeper decreases in sleep duration and greater improvements in WASO and efficiency compared to stable groups.

Conclusions:

  • Actigraphy-based sleep changes over five years vary significantly depending on an individual's cognitive trajectory.
  • More pronounced sleep alterations in the declining cognitive group may indicate underlying neurobiological changes impacting both sleep and cognition.
  • Further research with larger cohorts is warranted to confirm these findings and elucidate the causal relationship between sleep and cognitive decline.