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Related Concept Videos

Primary Healthcare Services01:30

Primary Healthcare Services

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Primary care promotes wellness and prevents disease. This care includes health promotion, education, protection (such as immunizations), early disease screening, and environmental considerations. Settings providing this type of healthcare include physician offices, public health clinics, school nursing, and community health nursing.
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Health promotion allows a person to control the determinants of health, resulting in an improved health status. It enhances the quality of life and reduces premature deaths. Health promotion and illness prevention programs help people make beneficial choices to reduce the risk of disease and disabilities. There are three health promotion and illness prevention levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
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Preventive Healthcare Services01:30

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Preventive healthcare services keep people healthy via frequent check-ups, screening, and counseling. They primarily aid in disease prevention rather than treating an acute or chronic illness. Preventive treatment also keeps individuals productive and energetic, allowing them to work well into their retirement years. Examples of preventive care services include:
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Principles of Disease Surveillance01:26

Principles of Disease Surveillance

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Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...
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There are various healthcare agencies in the United States—some of which are managed by religious institutions and others by different government branches.
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Methods Of Healthcare Delivery System01:26

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At the different levels of the healthcare system, we see varying methods of healthcare used. These methods include managed care systems, case management, and primary healthcare.
Managed Care System:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Determining Soil-transmitted Helminth Infection Status and Physical Fitness of School-aged Children
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Public Health.

João Vitor da Silva Viana1,2, Joice Coutinho de Alvarenga3,4, Aline Siqueira de Souza3,5,6

  • 1Cog-Aging Research Group, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 23, 2025
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Summary

Sarcopenia and frailty indicators, including APOE ε4 allele, female sex, and BMI, are linked to poorer cognitive function. Including these factors improved prediction models for cognitive impairment.

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology and Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Aging Research
  • Muscle Health and Aging

Background:

  • Sarcopenia, an age-related loss of muscle mass and function, is a component of frailty.
  • Sarcopenia is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease dementia (ADD), with co-occurrence linked to worse outcomes.
  • Understanding factors influencing cognitive decline in aging populations is crucial for public health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the predictive impact of age, sex, APOE ε4 allele, and education on cognitive impairment.
  • To assess the contribution of sarcopenia and frailty indicators (BMI, TUG, CC) to cognitive status prediction.
  • To determine the relationship between these factors and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study utilizing data from the Cog-Aging Cohort Study (n=92).
  • Logistic regression analysis was employed to predict MMSE status.
  • Variables included age, sex, APOE ε4 allele, education, BMI, Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), and calf circumference (CC).

Main Results:

  • The APOE ε4 allele (OR=5.15), female sex (OR=3.46), and higher BMI (OR=1.17) were significant predictors of poorer cognitive status.
  • Lower calf circumference (CC) and fewer years of formal education were associated with impaired MMSE scores.
  • Inclusion of sarcopenia and frailty variables improved the logistic regression model's performance, increasing accuracy from 68.96% to 74.71% (AUC=0.810).

Conclusions:

  • APOE ε4 allele, female sex, higher BMI, lower education, and lower CC are associated with poorer cognitive performance.
  • Sarcopenia and frailty indicators significantly enhance predictive models for cognitive impairment.
  • These findings highlight the interplay between physical health and cognitive function in aging individuals.