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Related Concept Videos

Primary Healthcare Services01:30

Primary Healthcare Services

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Primary care promotes wellness and prevents disease. This care includes health promotion, education, protection (such as immunizations), early disease screening, and environmental considerations. Settings providing this type of healthcare include physician offices, public health clinics, school nursing, and community health nursing.
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Health promotion allows a person to control the determinants of health, resulting in an improved health status. It enhances the quality of life and reduces premature deaths. Health promotion and illness prevention programs help people make beneficial choices to reduce the risk of disease and disabilities. There are three health promotion and illness prevention levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
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Preventive Healthcare Services01:30

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Preventive healthcare services keep people healthy via frequent check-ups, screening, and counseling. They primarily aid in disease prevention rather than treating an acute or chronic illness. Preventive treatment also keeps individuals productive and energetic, allowing them to work well into their retirement years. Examples of preventive care services include:
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Principles of Disease Surveillance01:26

Principles of Disease Surveillance

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Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...
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Healthcare Agencies II01:17

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There are various healthcare agencies in the United States—some of which are managed by religious institutions and others by different government branches.
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At the different levels of the healthcare system, we see varying methods of healthcare used. These methods include managed care systems, case management, and primary healthcare.
Managed Care System:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Determining Soil-transmitted Helminth Infection Status and Physical Fitness of School-aged Children
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Public Health.

Rachel L Geisel1

  • 1Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Intergenerational trauma, like that experienced by Holocaust survivors, may impact brain health and increase Alzheimer's disease risk. This study examines how family resilience affects brain integrity in offspring of survivors.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Psychology

Background:

  • 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2) levels may be altered by early-life adversity, with implications for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias (ADRD).
  • Offspring of Holocaust survivors exhibit altered 11β-HSD2 levels, potentially as an adaptation to maternal trauma exposure.
  • Intergenerational trauma may increase ADRD risk through combined biological and psychoemotional pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between intergenerational trauma, assessed via the Family Resilience Assessment Scale (FRAS) score, and brain integrity indicators in offspring of Holocaust survivors.
  • To explore potential biological and psychoemotional mechanisms linking early-life adversity to later-life ADRD risk.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing longitudinal data and MRI from the Washington Heights Inwood Community Aging Project to assess brain integrity (e.g., hippocampal volume, white matter hyperintensities).
  • Recruiting additional children of Holocaust survivors to evaluate cognitive functions (language, reasoning) and family functioning.
  • Administering the Family Resilience Assessment Scale (FRAS) to quantify intergenerational trauma exposure.

Main Results:

  • The study hypothesizes that lower FRAS scores (indicating greater intergenerational trauma) will correlate with brain integrity indicators suggestive of ADRD.
  • Analysis will focus on estimating the association between FRAS scores and neuroimaging markers of brain aging.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the pathways between intergenerational trauma and ADRD is crucial for insights into the aging process.
  • Identifying risk factors for ADRD, particularly those related to inherited trauma, can inform preventative strategies and interventions.