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Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...
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Determining Soil-transmitted Helminth Infection Status and Physical Fitness of School-aged Children
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Public Health.

Ursula G Saelzler1, Erin E Sundermann1, Margaret Gatz2

  • 1University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Estrogen exposure may influence Alzheimer's Disease (AD) risk in women. Longer reproductive span and later menopause are linked to lower dementia risk, but more research is needed to confirm these findings.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Epidemiology
  • Women's Health

Background:

  • Alzheimer's Disease (AD) disproportionately affects women, with unclear underlying mechanisms.
  • Estrogen's neuroprotective effects suggest a role in modulating AD risk.
  • Hypotheses propose prolonged premenopausal estrogen exposure reduces AD risk, while earlier menopause increases it.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between estrogen exposure indicators and dementia risk in postmenopausal women.
  • To examine if reproductive span and age of menopause influence Alzheimer's Disease risk.

Main Methods:

  • Cox proportional hazards models were used with data from 9,793 postmenopausal women in the Swedish Twin Registry.
  • Analysis included chronological age as the time scale, with age 65 as the start time.
  • Delayed entry was used to prevent survivor bias, with 1,241 dementia cases over 14.43 years of follow-up.

Main Results:

  • Both reproductive span and age of spontaneous menopause showed significant non-linear relationships with dementia risk.
  • Greater deviations from the mean in these measures were associated with increased dementia risk.
  • Models had identical concordance values (0.57), indicating limited explanatory power for dementia onset variance.

Conclusions:

  • Estrogen exposure appears to play a role in individual differences in dementia risk.
  • Current measures (reproductive span, age of menopause) have limitations in explaining mechanistic links.
  • Further research with comprehensive lifetime estrogen exposure measures is needed to clarify the estrogen-AD connection.