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Primary Healthcare Services01:30

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Primary care promotes wellness and prevents disease. This care includes health promotion, education, protection (such as immunizations), early disease screening, and environmental considerations. Settings providing this type of healthcare include physician offices, public health clinics, school nursing, and community health nursing.
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Health promotion allows a person to control the determinants of health, resulting in an improved health status. It enhances the quality of life and reduces premature deaths. Health promotion and illness prevention programs help people make beneficial choices to reduce the risk of disease and disabilities. There are three health promotion and illness prevention levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
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Preventive healthcare services keep people healthy via frequent check-ups, screening, and counseling. They primarily aid in disease prevention rather than treating an acute or chronic illness. Preventive treatment also keeps individuals productive and energetic, allowing them to work well into their retirement years. Examples of preventive care services include:
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Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...
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At the different levels of the healthcare system, we see varying methods of healthcare used. These methods include managed care systems, case management, and primary healthcare.
Managed Care System:
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Determining Soil-transmitted Helminth Infection Status and Physical Fitness of School-aged Children
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Public Health.

Jace D Flatt1, Joel G Anderson2, Brittany Klenczar1

  • 1University of Nevada Las Vegas School of Public Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary

LGBTQ+ Veterans show higher rates of subjective cognitive impairment (SCI), an early marker for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD). This highlights an urgent need to understand ADRD risks in this population.

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Public Health
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) in LGBTQ+ Veterans is understudied.
  • LGBTQ+ Veterans face higher risks for ADRD due to vascular diseases and mental health conditions.
  • Subjective cognitive impairment (SCI) may indicate early ADRD risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the prevalence of SCI among LGBTQ+ Veterans.
  • To identify disparities in SCI between LGBTQ+ and non-LGBTQ+ Veterans.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 2023 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data from 35 U.S. states and two territories.
  • Included Veteran status, SCI, and sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) module data.
  • Employed multivariable logistic regression analysis adjusting for demographics.

Main Results:

  • Nearly 4% of Veterans identified as LGBTQ+.
  • LGBTQ+ Veterans reported higher rates of inability to work, lower income, living alone, poor health, depressive disorders, and functional impairments.
  • Over 17% of LGBTQ+ Veterans reported SCI, compared to 11% of non-LGBTQ+ Veterans (p < 0.001).
  • LGBTQ+ Veterans were 62% more likely to report SCI (aOR: 1.62; 95% CI: 1.30–2.01) after adjusting for demographics.

Conclusions:

  • LGBTQ+ Veterans exhibit a significantly higher concern for SCI.
  • Further research is critical to understand ADRD risk and protective factors in LGBTQ+ Veterans.
  • Addressing the needs and health experiences of LGBTQ+ Veterans with ADRD is essential.