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Primary care promotes wellness and prevents disease. This care includes health promotion, education, protection (such as immunizations), early disease screening, and environmental considerations. Settings providing this type of healthcare include physician offices, public health clinics, school nursing, and community health nursing.
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Preventive healthcare services keep people healthy via frequent check-ups, screening, and counseling. They primarily aid in disease prevention rather than treating an acute or chronic illness. Preventive treatment also keeps individuals productive and energetic, allowing them to work well into their retirement years. Examples of preventive care services include:
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Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...
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Determining Soil-transmitted Helminth Infection Status and Physical Fitness of School-aged Children
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Public Health.

Sarah-Naomi James1, Louisa P Needham1, Jennifer M Nicholas2

  • 1University College London, London, England, United Kingdom.

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|December 23, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cumulative exposure to modifiable risks increases cognitive impairment risk. However, only low education and physical inactivity independently predict later-life cognitive decline, alongside childhood cognition and socioeconomic position.

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Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Neuroscience
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Investigating modifiable risk factors for cognitive impairment is crucial for developing effective prevention strategies.
  • Longitudinal studies provide valuable insights into life-course exposures and their impact on cognitive health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the cumulative and individual relationships between modifiable risks and later-life cognitive impairment.
  • To assess the role of childhood cognition and socioeconomic position (SEP) in these relationships.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from the 1946 British Birth Cohort (n=1239) with prospective life-course data.
  • Assessed lifetime exposure to fourteen modifiable dementia risks across early, mid, and late adulthood.
  • Cognitive impairment at age 69 was determined using the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACE-III).

Main Results:

  • Greater cumulative risk exposure was associated with cognitive impairment (OR=1.13), a relationship attenuated but still robust after adjusting for childhood cognition and SEP (OR=1.07).
  • Individually, low education, hypertension, smoking, physical inactivity, depression, and visual impairment were linked to cognitive impairment.
  • In mutual adjustment models, only low education and physical inactivity remained robust predictors, alongside childhood cognition and SEP.

Conclusions:

  • Low education and physical inactivity are robust independent predictors of later-life cognitive impairment.
  • Childhood cognition and socioeconomic position are also critical factors in predicting cognitive decline.
  • Findings highlight the importance of promoting education, physical activity, and improving early-life socioeconomic status for dementia prevention.