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Related Concept Videos

Primary Healthcare Services01:30

Primary Healthcare Services

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Primary care promotes wellness and prevents disease. This care includes health promotion, education, protection (such as immunizations), early disease screening, and environmental considerations. Settings providing this type of healthcare include physician offices, public health clinics, school nursing, and community health nursing.
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Health promotion allows a person to control the determinants of health, resulting in an improved health status. It enhances the quality of life and reduces premature deaths. Health promotion and illness prevention programs help people make beneficial choices to reduce the risk of disease and disabilities. There are three health promotion and illness prevention levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
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Preventive healthcare services keep people healthy via frequent check-ups, screening, and counseling. They primarily aid in disease prevention rather than treating an acute or chronic illness. Preventive treatment also keeps individuals productive and energetic, allowing them to work well into their retirement years. Examples of preventive care services include:
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Principles of Disease Surveillance

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Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...
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Healthcare Agencies II01:17

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There are various healthcare agencies in the United States—some of which are managed by religious institutions and others by different government branches.
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At the different levels of the healthcare system, we see varying methods of healthcare used. These methods include managed care systems, case management, and primary healthcare.
Managed Care System:
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Determining Soil-transmitted Helminth Infection Status and Physical Fitness of School-aged Children
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Public Health.

Rachel R Litke1, Arushi Arora2, Yihan Wang2

  • 1Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Phenothiazine exposure was linked to a reduced prevalence of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementia (ADRD) in older adults. This suggests phenothiazines may help lower ADRD risk, warranting further investigation.

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology and Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Pharmacology and Drug Repurposing
  • Public Health and Epidemiology

Background:

  • Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementia (ADRD) affects over 10% of US adults aged 65+, with limited effective treatments.
  • Inflammation and proteotoxicity are key aging factors implicated in ADRD.
  • Previous research identified phenothiazines as a protective drug class against ADRD hallmarks in preclinical models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential repurposing of phenothiazines for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementia (ADRD) treatment.
  • To assess the association between phenothiazine exposure and ADRD prevalence using a pharmacoepidemiological approach.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 1-year cross-sectional Medicare claims data from 1 million beneficiaries over 65.
  • Multivariable analysis adjusted for demographics and ADRD risk factors to evaluate phenothiazine exposure and ADRD prevalence.
  • ADRD diagnosis based on a modified Bynum algorithm, acknowledging limitations in amyloid documentation.

Main Results:

  • Phenothiazine exposure was associated with a significantly lower prevalence of ADRD (Incident Rate Ratio 0.9; 95% CI 0.9-0.97).
  • Specific phenothiazines like amitriptyline and prochlorperazine showed protective associations (IRR 0.8 for both).
  • The study included 33,600 beneficiaries exposed to phenothiazines, with a mean age of 74.

Conclusions:

  • Real-world Medicare data suggest phenothiazine exposure is linked to reduced ADRD risk in older US adults.
  • Phenothiazines show potential for repurposing to mitigate Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementia.
  • Further longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the protective association of phenothiazines against ADRD in humans.