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Primary care promotes wellness and prevents disease. This care includes health promotion, education, protection (such as immunizations), early disease screening, and environmental considerations. Settings providing this type of healthcare include physician offices, public health clinics, school nursing, and community health nursing.
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Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Determining Soil-transmitted Helminth Infection Status and Physical Fitness of School-aged Children
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Public Health.

Maria Aparecida Camargos Bicalho1,2, Gabriela Tomé Oliveira Engelmann3,4,5,6,7, Giovanna Correia Pereira Moro4,8,9

  • 1Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Modifiable risk factors like hearing loss, excessive alcohol intake, depression, and low education significantly increase cognitive decline risk in Brazilian older adults. Public health policies should prioritize these factors for dementia prevention.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Public Health
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Dementia prevalence is high in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), with Brazil facing increasing cases due to aging populations and risk factors.
  • Modifiable risk factors (MRFs) for dementia, well-studied in high-income countries, may have unique impacts in LMIC settings like Brazil.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of selected MRFs on cognitive decline in a cohort of Brazilian older adults.
  • To identify key predictors of cognitive decline within the Brazilian population.

Main Methods:

  • 851 older adults (cognitively normal, mild cognitive impairment, dementia) were assessed for MRFs including hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, sensory impairments, smoking, alcohol use, education, BMI, and depression.
  • Cognitive decline was defined as the change from the first to the last diagnosis.
  • Univariate and stepwise multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify predictors of cognitive decline.

Main Results:

  • Univariate analysis linked dyslipidemia, excessive alcohol, hearing loss, and family history to higher cognitive decline risk.
  • Multivariate analysis identified low educational level, hearing loss, excessive alcohol consumption, depression, and smoking as significant predictors of cognitive decline.
  • The final model achieved 75% accuracy, with high specificity (93%) but low sensitivity (31%).

Conclusions:

  • Sensory deprivation (hearing loss), mental health disorders (depression), and low educational levels are significant modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline in Brazilian older adults.
  • These factors should be prioritized in public health policies for dementia prevention in Brazil.
  • Findings highlight the need for context-specific approaches to dementia risk factor management in LMICs.