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Related Concept Videos

Primary Healthcare Services01:30

Primary Healthcare Services

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Primary care promotes wellness and prevents disease. This care includes health promotion, education, protection (such as immunizations), early disease screening, and environmental considerations. Settings providing this type of healthcare include physician offices, public health clinics, school nursing, and community health nursing.
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Health promotion allows a person to control the determinants of health, resulting in an improved health status. It enhances the quality of life and reduces premature deaths. Health promotion and illness prevention programs help people make beneficial choices to reduce the risk of disease and disabilities. There are three health promotion and illness prevention levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
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Preventive Healthcare Services01:30

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Preventive healthcare services keep people healthy via frequent check-ups, screening, and counseling. They primarily aid in disease prevention rather than treating an acute or chronic illness. Preventive treatment also keeps individuals productive and energetic, allowing them to work well into their retirement years. Examples of preventive care services include:
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Principles of Disease Surveillance01:26

Principles of Disease Surveillance

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Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...
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Healthcare Agencies II01:17

Healthcare Agencies II

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There are various healthcare agencies in the United States—some of which are managed by religious institutions and others by different government branches.
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Methods Of Healthcare Delivery System01:26

Methods Of Healthcare Delivery System

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At the different levels of the healthcare system, we see varying methods of healthcare used. These methods include managed care systems, case management, and primary healthcare.
Managed Care System:
The managed care system is designed to control the cost while maintaining the quality of care. The patient's care from admission to discharge is planned by the primary care provider or the case manager, also known as the gatekeeper. In a managed care system, the number of care providers is...
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Determining Soil-transmitted Helminth Infection Status and Physical Fitness of School-aged Children
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Public Health.

Jennifer J Manly1, Adam Brickman1, Soobin Kim2

  • 1Department of Neurology, Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center and the Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, New York, NY, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 23, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Blood biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and neurodegeneration show limited association with cognitive function in middle-aged adults. These relationships were not moderated by early life factors like education, socioeconomic status, sex, race, or region.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomarkers
  • Cognitive Aging

Background:

  • Blood-based biomarkers offer new avenues for studying neurodegeneration in diverse populations.
  • Investigating the link between blood biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cognitive function in population-representative samples is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the relationship between plasma AD biomarkers and cognitive function in middle-aged adults.
  • To determine if high school educational experiences moderate this relationship.
  • To explore differences in these associations based on early life socioeconomic status (SES), sex/gender, race/ethnicity, and US region.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the High School and Beyond (HS&B:80) cohort, assessing participants at age ~60.
  • Collected plasma biomarkers (amyloid beta 42:40 ratio, pTau-181, NfL, GFAP) and cognitive measures (word list learning, paired associates learning, fluency, number span).
  • Employed regression models to analyze associations between plasma biomarkers and cognitive function, controlling for various demographic and early life factors.

Main Results:

  • Better global cognition correlated with lower plasma p-tau-181 and NfL, and higher amyloid beta 40/42 ratio.
  • Higher GFAP levels were associated with better cognitive function.
  • Paired associate learning showed the most consistent associations with plasma biomarkers.
  • No significant effect modification was found for educational experience, early life SES, sex/gender, race/ethnicity, or US region.

Conclusions:

  • Plasma biomarkers explained minimal variation in cognitive function at age 60 in a population-representative sample.
  • The associations between blood-based AD biomarkers and cognitive function were not influenced by early life SES, race/ethnicity, sex/gender, US region, or educational background.