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Related Concept Videos

Primary Healthcare Services01:30

Primary Healthcare Services

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Primary care promotes wellness and prevents disease. This care includes health promotion, education, protection (such as immunizations), early disease screening, and environmental considerations. Settings providing this type of healthcare include physician offices, public health clinics, school nursing, and community health nursing.
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Health promotion allows a person to control the determinants of health, resulting in an improved health status. It enhances the quality of life and reduces premature deaths. Health promotion and illness prevention programs help people make beneficial choices to reduce the risk of disease and disabilities. There are three health promotion and illness prevention levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
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Preventive Healthcare Services01:30

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Preventive healthcare services keep people healthy via frequent check-ups, screening, and counseling. They primarily aid in disease prevention rather than treating an acute or chronic illness. Preventive treatment also keeps individuals productive and energetic, allowing them to work well into their retirement years. Examples of preventive care services include:
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Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...
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Healthcare Agencies II01:17

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There are various healthcare agencies in the United States—some of which are managed by religious institutions and others by different government branches.
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At the different levels of the healthcare system, we see varying methods of healthcare used. These methods include managed care systems, case management, and primary healthcare.
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Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Determining Soil-transmitted Helminth Infection Status and Physical Fitness of School-aged Children
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Public Health.

Alissa Kurzman1, Bruce Albala1,2,3, Xueting Ding1

  • 1Joe C Wen School of Population & Public Health, Henry and Susan Samueli College of of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lower educational attainment is linked to lower scores on cognitive tests like the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in Latino and Vietnamese adults. This highlights the need for culturally sensitive assessments to accurately screen for cognitive impairment in diverse populations.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Public Health
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Racial and ethnic minorities face disproportionate Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRDs) burdens in the U.S.
  • Latino and Vietnamese American populations are at increased risk for ADRDs.
  • Accurate cognitive screening is crucial for early ADRD intervention, but educational and cultural factors can impact assessment performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the relationship between educational attainment and cognitive performance on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in Latino and Vietnamese adults.
  • To identify specific cognitive domains most affected by education levels within these populations.
  • To inform the development of culturally appropriate cognitive assessments.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from the community-based Skills-Based Educational strategies for Reduction of Vascular Events in Orange County (SERVE OC) trial.
  • Analyzed baseline MoCA total and domain scores from 292 randomized Latino and Vietnamese participants (≥18 years).
  • Employed multivariable regression models to assess associations between education (≤8 years vs. >8 years) and MoCA performance, adjusting for covariates.

Main Results:

  • Participants with ≤8 years of education showed significantly lower MoCA total scores.
  • Lower education was associated with poorer performance in visuospatial/executive function, attention, and language domains among Latinos.
  • Vietnamese participants with lower education scored lower in the abstraction domain; mean MoCA scores were lower in Latinos compared to Vietnamese participants.

Conclusions:

  • Educational level significantly influences MoCA performance, particularly in specific cognitive domains.
  • There is a critical need for culturally appropriate and validated cognitive assessments that account for educational disparities.
  • Future research should focus on validating cognitive assessments in diverse, low-education populations globally.