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Related Concept Videos

Primary Healthcare Services01:30

Primary Healthcare Services

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Primary care promotes wellness and prevents disease. This care includes health promotion, education, protection (such as immunizations), early disease screening, and environmental considerations. Settings providing this type of healthcare include physician offices, public health clinics, school nursing, and community health nursing.
In 1978, international leaders convened in Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, for what would be a pivotal event in global health. The Alma-Ata Declaration was the first to call...
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Levels of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention01:26

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Health promotion allows a person to control the determinants of health, resulting in an improved health status. It enhances the quality of life and reduces premature deaths. Health promotion and illness prevention programs help people make beneficial choices to reduce the risk of disease and disabilities. There are three health promotion and illness prevention levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
In primary prevention, actions taken before disease onset prevent the disease from...
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Preventive Healthcare Services01:30

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Preventive healthcare services keep people healthy via frequent check-ups, screening, and counseling. They primarily aid in disease prevention rather than treating an acute or chronic illness. Preventive treatment also keeps individuals productive and energetic, allowing them to work well into their retirement years. Examples of preventive care services include:
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Principles of Disease Surveillance01:26

Principles of Disease Surveillance

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Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...
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Healthcare Agencies II01:17

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There are various healthcare agencies in the United States—some of which are managed by religious institutions and others by different government branches.
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At the different levels of the healthcare system, we see varying methods of healthcare used. These methods include managed care systems, case management, and primary healthcare.
Managed Care System:
The managed care system is designed to control the cost while maintaining the quality of care. The patient's care from admission to discharge is planned by the primary care provider or the case manager, also known as the gatekeeper. In a managed care system, the number of care providers is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Determining Soil-transmitted Helminth Infection Status and Physical Fitness of School-aged Children
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Public Health.

Masroor Anwar1

  • 1All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Blood trace element levels, including aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn), were analyzed in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. AD patients showed significantly higher blood zinc levels compared to healthy controls.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biochemistry
  • Medical Research

Background:

  • Trace element dysregulation is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases.
  • The specific role of metals like aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis requires further investigation.
  • Both amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau, key pathological hallmarks of AD, are metal-binding proteins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitatively analyze blood concentrations of Al, Cu, and Zn.
  • To compare trace element levels between individuals with AD and healthy controls.

Main Methods:

  • A cohort of 45 participants (20 healthy controls, 25 AD patients) was recruited.
  • Blood levels of Al, Cu, and Zn were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).

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  • Cognitive function was assessed using the Hindi Mini-Mental State Examination (HMSE).

    • Main Results:

    • Aluminum (Al) and copper (Cu) levels were higher in AD patients, though not statistically significant.
    • Zinc (Zn) concentrations were significantly elevated in AD patients compared to controls (p=0.0002).
    • HMSE scores were markedly lower in the AD group (12.65 ± 1.334) versus controls (27.65 ± 0.3529).

    Conclusions:

    • Elevated blood concentrations of Al, Cu, and Zn were observed in AD patients.
    • The significant increase in blood zinc levels in AD patients warrants further research into its role in disease progression.
    • While Al and Cu showed increased levels, their association with AD requires more investigation.