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Related Concept Videos

Primary Healthcare Services01:30

Primary Healthcare Services

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Primary care promotes wellness and prevents disease. This care includes health promotion, education, protection (such as immunizations), early disease screening, and environmental considerations. Settings providing this type of healthcare include physician offices, public health clinics, school nursing, and community health nursing.
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Health promotion allows a person to control the determinants of health, resulting in an improved health status. It enhances the quality of life and reduces premature deaths. Health promotion and illness prevention programs help people make beneficial choices to reduce the risk of disease and disabilities. There are three health promotion and illness prevention levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
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Preventive healthcare services keep people healthy via frequent check-ups, screening, and counseling. They primarily aid in disease prevention rather than treating an acute or chronic illness. Preventive treatment also keeps individuals productive and energetic, allowing them to work well into their retirement years. Examples of preventive care services include:
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Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...
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There are various healthcare agencies in the United States—some of which are managed by religious institutions and others by different government branches.
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Managed Care System:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Determining Soil-transmitted Helminth Infection Status and Physical Fitness of School-aged Children
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Public Health.

Agustin Ibanez1

  • 1Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile.

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PubMed
Summary

Biobehavioral age gaps (BAGs) reveal how disparities accelerate aging, particularly in lower-income regions. This framework identifies modifiable factors to mitigate global aging inequalities and inform public policy.

Area of Science:

  • Gerontology and Public Health
  • Biostatistics and Machine Learning Applications in Aging Research

Background:

  • Healthy aging is influenced by a complex interplay of protective and risk factors, with disparities exacerbating these effects, especially in high-inequality regions.
  • The cumulative impact of socioeconomic and multimodal exposome disparities on aging trajectories, including delayed and accelerated aging, remains insufficiently understood.
  • This study introduces Biobehavioral Age Gaps (BAGs) as a novel framework to quantify the combined influence of protective and risk factors, modulated by disparities and exposomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and validate the Biobehavioral Age Gaps (BAGs) framework for measuring the combined effects of protective and risk factors on aging.
  • To assess how socioeconomic and environmental disparities (exposomes) modulate aging trajectories.
  • To provide a cost-effective and ecologically valid tool for public policy and capacity-building in underrepresented regions.

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Main Methods:

  • Machine learning was employed to estimate BAGs using data from 161,981 participants across 40 countries, incorporating national survey data.
  • Protective factors (cognition, function, education) and risk factors (cardiometabolic conditions, female sex, sensory impairments) were analyzed.
  • Analyses examined BAGs across regions, income levels, and physical, social, and sociopolitical exposomes, with validation through various statistical measures.

Main Results:

  • BAGs accurately predicted chronological age, with protective factors correlating with delayed aging and risk factors with accelerated aging.
  • Accelerated aging was more prevalent in Africa and Latin America compared to Europe and Asia, and in low-income versus high-income countries.
  • Adverse physical, social, and sociopolitical exposomes were significantly associated with accelerated aging, which also predicted future declines in function and cognition.

Conclusions:

  • The BAGs framework effectively captures accelerated and delayed aging, highlighting the significant modulation by socioeconomic and exposome disparities.
  • BAGs offer actionable insights for public policy by identifying modifiable factors crucial for mitigating global aging disparities.
  • The framework's ease of implementation supports targeted interventions and informed policymaking, particularly in resource-limited settings.