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Public Health.

Carolina B Castro1,2, Samantha L Gardener2,3, Farzana Jahan4

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A Western Diet, high in sugar and fat, accelerates brain glucose metabolism decline in individuals with a genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The Prudent Diet showed no significant impact on brain metabolism in this cohort.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Nutritional Science
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by reduced brain glucose metabolism, linked to synaptic dysfunction and cognitive decline.
  • Dietary patterns, such as the Western Diet and Prudent Diet, may influence brain metabolism and AD risk.
  • Positron emission tomography (PET) with [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG-PET) is a key imaging biomarker for assessing brain glucose metabolism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between adherence to Western and Prudent dietary patterns and changes in brain glucose metabolism.
  • To examine these associations in specific brain regions vulnerable to AD.
  • To explore whether the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 genotype modifies the impact of diet on brain metabolism.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of longitudinal data from 133 cognitively unimpaired older adults.
  • Dietary assessment using a Food Frequency Questionnaire to identify Western and Prudent dietary patterns via principal component analysis.
  • Repeated FDG-PET imaging over 43 months to measure brain glucose metabolism.
  • Linear mixed-effect models and stratification by APOE ε4 carrier status to evaluate diet-metabolism associations.

Main Results:

  • Adherence to a Western Diet was significantly associated with a faster decline in glucose metabolism in the right fusiform gyrus among APOE ε4 carriers (p=0.032).
  • No significant associations were found between the Western Diet and brain glucose metabolism in APOE ε4 non-carriers.
  • No significant associations were observed between the Prudent Diet and brain glucose metabolism in either APOE ε4 carriers or non-carriers.

Conclusions:

  • The Western Diet may negatively impact brain glucose metabolism, particularly in individuals with a genetic predisposition (APOE ε4) to Alzheimer's disease.
  • The observed decline in the fusiform gyrus highlights the role of diet in maintaining cognitive function and brain health.
  • Further research is warranted to elucidate the mechanisms linking diet to neurodegeneration and to develop dietary interventions for dementia prevention.