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Primary care promotes wellness and prevents disease. This care includes health promotion, education, protection (such as immunizations), early disease screening, and environmental considerations. Settings providing this type of healthcare include physician offices, public health clinics, school nursing, and community health nursing.
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Preventive healthcare services keep people healthy via frequent check-ups, screening, and counseling. They primarily aid in disease prevention rather than treating an acute or chronic illness. Preventive treatment also keeps individuals productive and energetic, allowing them to work well into their retirement years. Examples of preventive care services include:
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Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...
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Summary
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Snoring negatively impacts cognitive function and memory in men, but may improve attention in women over time. Further research into sex differences in snoring

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology and Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Sleep Medicine and Neurodegeneration

Background:

  • Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is linked to cognitive decline, but the specific impact of snoring, a key OSA symptom, remains under-explored.
  • Investigating snoring's effect on cognitive function is crucial for understanding sleep-related cognitive impairment in older adults.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the longitudinal association between snoring and cognitive function in older adults.
  • To explore potential sex and age differences in the relationship between snoring and cognition.

Main Methods:

  • A seven-year cohort study (2015-2022) of 440 adults aged 65+ from the Taiwan Initiatives for Geriatric Epidemiological Research.
  • Cognitive function (global, memory, attention, executive function, language) assessed using MoCA-T and neuropsychological tests at baseline and follow-ups.
  • Snoring data collected via Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; statistical analysis using generalized linear mixed models with adjustments for covariates.

Main Results:

  • Snoring was not significantly associated with overall cognitive performance or specific domains in the general cohort.
  • Among men, snoring was linked to poorer global cognition over time and impaired memory at baseline.
  • In individuals over 74 years, snoring showed a significant interaction with time, predicting a decline in global cognition.

Conclusions:

  • Snoring detrimentally affects global cognition and memory in men, while potentially improving attention in women over time.
  • Significant sex differences exist in the association between snoring and cognitive trajectories.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms behind sex-specific effects of snoring on cognitive function.