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Public Health.

Mingyue Gao1, Wenxin Cai2, Ya Fang3,4

  • 1Health and Aging Research Center, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.

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|December 23, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Socioeconomic status (SES) throughout life, particularly education and income in adulthood, protects cognitive function (CF) in older Chinese adults. Stable high SES trajectories and upward mobility significantly slow cognitive decline, especially in women.

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Sociology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Socioeconomic status (SES) is a known protective factor for cognitive function (CF).
  • The critical life stage for SES's impact on CF is debated, potentially varying by SES indicators.
  • China's rapid societal development necessitates understanding life-course SES effects on cognitive aging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To delineate life-course SES trajectories in China.
  • To investigate the longitudinal effects of these trajectories on cognitive aging among Chinese adults.
  • To identify specific SES indicators and life stages most impactful for cognitive health.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal study (2011-2020) of 20,055 Chinese adults aged 40+ (China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study).
  • SES defined by education, occupation, and income across the lifespan.
  • Mixed-effects models and latent class analysis used to assess SES trajectories and cognitive decline (global cognitive composite score).

Main Results:

  • Upward mobility observed in education and income, with stable occupations.
  • Adulthood education, paternal occupation, and adulthood income showed stronger protective effects on late-life CF.
  • Stable high or upward SES trajectories were associated with better late-life CF and slower cognitive decline, particularly in women.

Conclusions:

  • Older Chinese adults show upward SES mobility trends.
  • Lifelong SES, especially education and income in adulthood, significantly impacts cognitive aging.
  • Stable high and upward SES trajectories offer protection against cognitive decline, with a pronounced effect in women, highlighting potential for targeted interventions.