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Higher vitamin B12 levels are linked to slower cognitive decline in memory, executive function, and language. Maintaining good vitamin B12 status throughout life may help preserve cognitive function in older age.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Nutritional Science
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Mixed evidence exists on the association between vitamin B12 status and cognitive function.
  • Previous studies had limitations including self-reported data, single B12 measurements, and short follow-up periods.
  • There is a need to investigate the relationship between inadequate B12 status over time and cognitive decline.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate whether inadequate vitamin B12 status, measured longitudinally, is associated with prospective cognitive decline.
  • To assess the association between a combined B12 status measure (3cB12) and cognitive decline over an extended period.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from 1725 participants in the Framingham Heart Study Offspring Cohort.
  • Employed a combined B12 status measure (3cB12) incorporating plasma cobalamin, homocysteine, and methylmalonic acid.
  • Calculated cumulative average 3cB12 levels and assessed annual changes in memory, executive function, and language factor scores over a mean of 17.7 years using linear mixed effects models.

Main Results:

  • Participants in the highest 3cB12 quartile showed attenuated decline in memory, executive function, and language compared to the lowest quartile.
  • The associations were statistically significant for all three cognitive domains.
  • No cross-sectional associations were found between 3cB12 and cognitive function at baseline.

Conclusions:

  • Higher cumulative vitamin B12 status from middle to later life is associated with a modest but significant attenuation of cognitive decline.
  • Improving nutritional status throughout life may play a role in mitigating age-related cognitive decline.
  • Future research should explore combined nutritional and other modifiable risk factor interventions to slow cognitive decline.