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Letícia Cunha Pereira de Souza1, Ariadni Mesquita Peres1, Aline Cândida Ferreira1

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High-fat diets during development impair synaptic plasticity and memory in rats. These changes, affecting both sexes, persist throughout life, highlighting the impact of early nutrition on brain development.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • The Central Nervous System (CNS) exhibits plasticity, especially during development, allowing adaptation but increasing susceptibility to environmental factors.
  • Adverse factors during critical developmental periods can compromise CNS development and function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the long-term effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) on synaptic plasticity and memory during different developmental stages in male and female Wistar rats.
  • To analyze alterations in key synaptic proteins (synaptophysin, PSD-95) and astrocytic markers (GFAP) following HFD exposure.

Main Methods:

  • Rats were fed standard diets (SD) or HFD from postnatal day 21 through adolescent (59 days), early adult (70 days), and adult (110 days) stages.
  • Short-term memory was assessed using an object recognition task.
  • Hippocampal levels of synaptophysin, PSD-95, and GFAP were quantified using Western blotting and ELISA.

Main Results:

  • HFD consumption increased caloric intake and body weight in adulthood. Memory impairment (reduced discrimination index) was observed in males during adolescence and early adulthood.
  • In males, hippocampal synaptophysin and PSD-95 increased during adolescence and adulthood. GFAP levels were elevated in adulthood.
  • In females, synaptophysin increased during adolescence, and by adulthood (110 days), increases in synaptophysin, PSD-95, and GFAP were observed.

Conclusions:

  • High-fat diet exposure during critical developmental periods alters astrocytic markers and synaptic plasticity in both sexes.
  • These alterations, including reduced synaptic pruning, persist throughout life, indicating long-lasting impacts of early nutrition on brain development and function.