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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Long-term adherence to a Mediterranean diet (MeDi) improved cognition in aging rats compared to a Western diet (WD). Diet-specific gut microbiota changes occurred over time, with certain bacteria linked to cognitive performance at 15.5 months.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience and Aging Research
  • Microbiome and Gut Health
  • Nutritional Science and Cognitive Function

Background:

  • Dietary patterns significantly influence cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease risk.
  • Western diets (WD) are linked to increased risk, while Mediterranean diets (MeDi) are associated with decreased risk.
  • The gut microbiota, modulated by diet, may mediate these effects, but study durations vary, impacting results.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the longitudinal effects of a MeDi versus WD on cognitive function in aging rats.
  • To analyze the impact of diet on gut microbiota composition over time.
  • To identify potential links between diet-induced microbial changes and cognitive performance.

Main Methods:

  • Male Fischer344 rats were randomized to either a MeDi or WD for an extended period.
  • Cognitive function was assessed using the Morris water maze (MWM) at 3.5, 9.5, and 15.5 months.
  • Fecal samples were collected and analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing to profile gut microbiota composition.

Main Results:

  • No significant cognitive differences were observed at 3.5 and 9.5 months.
  • At 15.5 months, MeDi-fed rats demonstrated significantly shorter MWM latencies, indicating improved learning and memory.
  • Distinct, diet-dependent gut microbiota compositions emerged by 3.5 months, with notable shifts in Actinobacteria, Desulfobacterota, and Firmicutes over time. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was lower in MeDi rats at 3.5 and 15.5 months.

Conclusions:

  • Dietary impact on cognition is time-dependent, with significant effects observed only after prolonged exposure (15.5 months).
  • Aging and diet duration induced subtle but progressive changes in gut microbial taxa.
  • Specific differentially abundant bacteria at 15.5 months, coinciding with cognitive changes, represent potential microbial biomarkers for diet-related cognitive status.