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This study reveals distinct cognitive differences between males and females in Southeast Asia. Females excel in memory and language, while males perform better in visuospatial tasks, with variations influenced by cerebrovascular risk.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Biological sex is increasingly recognized as a factor influencing cognitive performance.
  • Limited data exists on gender-specific cognitive profiles in Southeast Asian populations.
  • This study addresses this gap by examining cognitive differences and cerebrovascular risk in the region.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To delineate gender-specific cognitive profiles in a Southeast Asian cohort.
  • To investigate the influence of cerebrovascular risk factors on these cognitive differences.
  • To identify potential disparities relevant to the demographic.

Main Methods:

  • Included 714 cognitively unimpaired, age-matched participants (357 males, 357 females) from the BIOCIS cohort.
  • Utilized comprehensive neuropsychological assessments including MoCA, VCAT, episodic memory, executive function, processing speed, visuospatial abilities, and language tests.
  • Employed independent t-tests, chi-square tests, and multilinear regression models, adjusting for CAIDE scores.

Main Results:

  • Males showed higher prevalence of cerebrovascular risk factors (CAIDE score ≥5, hypertension, higher BMI) than females.
  • Females outperformed males in episodic memory and language (p < 0.001).
  • Males outperformed females in visuospatial abilities (p < 0.001).
  • Significant gender differences in cognitive performance persisted after adjusting for CAIDE scores, varying with risk levels.

Conclusions:

  • Distinct gender-specific cognitive profiles exist in Southeast Asian populations.
  • Females demonstrated advantages in episodic memory and language, while males excelled in visuospatial domains.
  • These findings underscore the necessity for tailored cognitive assessments and interventions considering gender-specific biological and cognitive characteristics.