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Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Determining Soil-transmitted Helminth Infection Status and Physical Fitness of School-aged Children
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Public Health.

Alyssa Lauren Lawrence1, Carlos E E Araujo-Menendez2, Rachel Membreno1

  • 1San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 23, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) history did not affect cognitive performance in Hispanic adults. Language of testing did not modify the relationship between TBI history and memory outcomes in this study.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Public Health
  • Cognitive Aging

Background:

  • The link between traumatic brain injury (TBI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk is unclear.
  • Hispanic populations experience disparities in TBI care, yet TBI's impact on cognitive aging in this group is understudied.
  • Language of testing can influence cognitive performance, a factor often overlooked in TBI research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between traumatic brain injury (TBI) history and cognitive performance in Hispanic adults.
  • To examine the moderating role of language of testing (English vs. Spanish) on the TBI-cognition relationship.
  • To test the hypothesis that individuals without TBI history would perform better, especially when tested in Spanish.

Main Methods:

  • Study included 207 Hispanic adults (34-95 years) from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) 2014 Core.
  • TBI history was self-reported; language of testing was English (N=108) or Spanish (N=99).
  • Learning and memory assessed via word list recall; analyses used general linear models with interaction terms for TBI and language.

Main Results:

  • Testing in Spanish was linked to significantly higher immediate and delayed recall scores.
  • No significant association was found between TBI history and cognitive outcomes.
  • No significant interaction effects were observed between TBI history and language of testing on cognition.

Conclusions:

  • Contrary to hypotheses, TBI history did not impact word list recall, nor did language modify this relationship.
  • Self-reported TBI history and cross-sectional data design are potential limitations.
  • Future research should explore longitudinal effects and the Spanish language advantage over time.