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Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...
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Public Health.

Marie-Anne Pietrowski1, Fabrice Crivello2, Sonia Burrel3,4

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|December 23, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) alone did not significantly impact brain volume in Alzheimer's disease (AD) regions. However, HSV-1 combined with cytomegalovirus (CMV) or in APOE4 carriers over 65 showed associations with reduced grey matter volume, suggesting complex viral interactions in AD.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Virology
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Previous research suggests a link between herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology.
  • Neuroimaging studies investigating this association are limited.
  • Susceptibility factors may modulate the impact of HSV-1 on AD-related brain changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between HSV-1 infection and neuroimaging markers of AD.
  • To evaluate how factors like cytomegalovirus (CMV) co-infection, APOE4 genotype, and age influence this relationship.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of serological and MRI data from a UK Biobank subsample (n=901).
  • Linear regressions assessed associations between HSV-1 seropositivity and grey matter (GM) volumes in AD-vulnerable brain regions.
  • Interactions with CMV, APOE4, and age were tested, with stratifications performed to assess modulating effects.

Main Results:

  • HSV-1 infection alone showed no significant association with GM volumes in the studied brain areas.
  • HSV-1 infection was linked to reduced parahippocampal volume only in participants without CMV infection (p=0.03).
  • Among APOE4 carriers aged 65+, CMV infection (alone or with HSV-1) was associated with lower amygdala volume (p=0.04) and trends towards reduced GM in other regions.

Conclusions:

  • The relationship between viral infections and AD neuroimaging markers is complex.
  • Viral co-infections (e.g., HSV-1 and CMV), age, and APOE4 genotype are crucial susceptibility factors.
  • These factors are important for understanding the role of infections in AD pathogenesis.