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Related Concept Videos

Primary Healthcare Services01:30

Primary Healthcare Services

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Primary care promotes wellness and prevents disease. This care includes health promotion, education, protection (such as immunizations), early disease screening, and environmental considerations. Settings providing this type of healthcare include physician offices, public health clinics, school nursing, and community health nursing.
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Health promotion allows a person to control the determinants of health, resulting in an improved health status. It enhances the quality of life and reduces premature deaths. Health promotion and illness prevention programs help people make beneficial choices to reduce the risk of disease and disabilities. There are three health promotion and illness prevention levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
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Preventive Healthcare Services01:30

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Preventive healthcare services keep people healthy via frequent check-ups, screening, and counseling. They primarily aid in disease prevention rather than treating an acute or chronic illness. Preventive treatment also keeps individuals productive and energetic, allowing them to work well into their retirement years. Examples of preventive care services include:
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Principles of Disease Surveillance01:26

Principles of Disease Surveillance

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Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...
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Healthcare Agencies II01:17

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There are various healthcare agencies in the United States—some of which are managed by religious institutions and others by different government branches.
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Methods Of Healthcare Delivery System01:26

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At the different levels of the healthcare system, we see varying methods of healthcare used. These methods include managed care systems, case management, and primary healthcare.
Managed Care System:
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Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Determining Soil-transmitted Helminth Infection Status and Physical Fitness of School-aged Children
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Public Health.

Cellas A Hayes1, Lubnaa B Abdullah2, Joshua L Gills3

  • 1Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Black individuals face higher dementia risk, with hypertension and diabetes disproportionately impacting their cognitive performance. Addressing these vascular factors could significantly improve cognitive aging outcomes for this population.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Black individuals exhibit higher dementia risk compared to Non-Hispanic Whites (NHW), potentially linked to increased vascular risk factors.
  • This study investigates the influence of race and cardiometabolic conditions on cognitive function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the independent and interactive effects of race and cardiometabolic risk factors on cognitive performance.
  • To estimate the population-level impact of hypothetical interventions for risk factor elimination on cognitive outcomes, stratified by race.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of data from 1,098 NHW and 616 Black participants in the Health and Aging Brain Study: Health Disparities.
  • Multivariable regression models assessed interactions between race and cardiometabolic risk factors (diabetes, hypertension) across four cognitive domains.
  • Population intervention measures estimated cognitive outcome improvements under hypothetical risk factor elimination, similar to population attributable fraction calculations.

Main Results:

  • Black participants had higher prevalence of diabetes (26.3%) and hypertension (80.4%) than NHW (13.5% and 58.7%, p < 0.001).
  • Black participants consistently scored lower across all cognitive domains (-0.34 to -0.57 points, p < 0.001).
  • Hypothetically eliminating hypertension and diabetes showed larger cognitive performance improvements for Black participants compared to NHW, particularly in executive function and language.

Conclusions:

  • Hypertension and diabetes disproportionately affect cognitive outcomes in Black individuals.
  • The higher prevalence of these conditions in Black populations is a key contributor to observed disparities in cognitive aging.