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Related Concept Videos

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Primary Healthcare Services

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Primary care promotes wellness and prevents disease. This care includes health promotion, education, protection (such as immunizations), early disease screening, and environmental considerations. Settings providing this type of healthcare include physician offices, public health clinics, school nursing, and community health nursing.
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Health promotion allows a person to control the determinants of health, resulting in an improved health status. It enhances the quality of life and reduces premature deaths. Health promotion and illness prevention programs help people make beneficial choices to reduce the risk of disease and disabilities. There are three health promotion and illness prevention levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
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Preventive healthcare services keep people healthy via frequent check-ups, screening, and counseling. They primarily aid in disease prevention rather than treating an acute or chronic illness. Preventive treatment also keeps individuals productive and energetic, allowing them to work well into their retirement years. Examples of preventive care services include:
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Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...
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There are various healthcare agencies in the United States—some of which are managed by religious institutions and others by different government branches.
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At the different levels of the healthcare system, we see varying methods of healthcare used. These methods include managed care systems, case management, and primary healthcare.
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Public Health.

Rufus O Akinyemi1

  • 1Institute of Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.

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|December 23, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dementia cases in Africa are rising, with significant risk factors including hypertension and infections. Genetic research reveals APOE e4 increases Alzheimer's risk, while a BIN1 marker shows a protective effect in African ancestry.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Dementia burden in Africa is rapidly increasing, projected to grow exponentially by 2050.
  • Limited understanding exists regarding the genetic architecture of dementia in African populations.
  • Knowledge on modifiable risk factors for dementia in Africa is heterogeneous.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the genetic architecture of dementia in African populations.
  • To identify modifiable risk factors associated with dementia in Africa.
  • To explore the role of specific genetic markers, such as APOE and ABCA7, in African dementia cohorts.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide genotyping was conducted on 91 Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases and 97 controls from Nigeria and Ghana (READD-ADSP study).
  • APOE alleles and ABCA7 deletion were sequenced using Sanger sequencing.
  • A systematic review of non-genetic risk factors for dementia in Africa was performed.

Main Results:

  • Prominent modifiable risk factors in Africa include hypertension, diabetes, low education, and infections (e.g., HIV/AIDS, malaria).
  • APOE e4 allele is significantly associated with increased AD risk (OR=2.5), while APOE e2 showed a protective trend.
  • A novel exonic marker in the BIN1 gene (rs112318500), specific to African ancestry, demonstrated a protective effect against AD.

Conclusions:

  • Preliminary findings offer new insights into the genetic underpinnings of Alzheimer's disease in African populations.
  • Ongoing data collection across multiple African sites aims to expand understanding of dementia genetics and risk factors.
  • Further research is crucial to accurately compute population-attributable fractions for key dementia risk factors in Africa.