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Related Concept Videos

Primary Healthcare Services01:30

Primary Healthcare Services

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Primary care promotes wellness and prevents disease. This care includes health promotion, education, protection (such as immunizations), early disease screening, and environmental considerations. Settings providing this type of healthcare include physician offices, public health clinics, school nursing, and community health nursing.
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Levels of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention01:26

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Health promotion allows a person to control the determinants of health, resulting in an improved health status. It enhances the quality of life and reduces premature deaths. Health promotion and illness prevention programs help people make beneficial choices to reduce the risk of disease and disabilities. There are three health promotion and illness prevention levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
In primary prevention, actions taken before disease onset prevent the disease from...
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Preventive Healthcare Services01:30

Preventive Healthcare Services

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Preventive healthcare services keep people healthy via frequent check-ups, screening, and counseling. They primarily aid in disease prevention rather than treating an acute or chronic illness. Preventive treatment also keeps individuals productive and energetic, allowing them to work well into their retirement years. Examples of preventive care services include:
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Principles of Disease Surveillance01:26

Principles of Disease Surveillance

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Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...
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Healthcare Agencies II01:17

Healthcare Agencies II

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There are various healthcare agencies in the United States—some of which are managed by religious institutions and others by different government branches.
Parish nursing is a growing specialty nursing profession that focuses on holistic healthcare, health promotion, and illness prevention. It blends professional nursing practice with a health ministry, focusing on health and healing within the context of a Christian community. Parish nurses serve as health educators, referral sources,...
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Methods Of Healthcare Delivery System01:26

Methods Of Healthcare Delivery System

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At the different levels of the healthcare system, we see varying methods of healthcare used. These methods include managed care systems, case management, and primary healthcare.
Managed Care System:
The managed care system is designed to control the cost while maintaining the quality of care. The patient's care from admission to discharge is planned by the primary care provider or the case manager, also known as the gatekeeper. In a managed care system, the number of care providers is...
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Age-related macular degeneration and dementia: Association through pathogenesis or visual impairment?

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Determining Soil-transmitted Helminth Infection Status and Physical Fitness of School-aged Children
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Public Health.

Xinyu Gu1, Pauline Terebuh1, Rong Xu2

  • 1Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine - - Cleveland, OH, Cleveland, OH, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) does not increase dementia risk and may reduce Alzheimer's disease risk. Blindness, however, significantly elevates the risk for all types of dementia.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neurology
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • A potential link exists between age-related macular degeneration (AMD), blindness, and increased dementia risk.
  • It remains unclear if AMD's association with dementia stems from its pathology or the resulting vision loss.
  • Amyloid-beta (Aβ) proteins found in AMD retinal drusen complicate the understanding of this relationship.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether dementia risk is associated with AMD pathogenesis or with blindness.
  • To differentiate the impact of AMD itself versus blindness on dementia risk.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective cohort study was performed using deidentified electronic health records from TriNetX, including patients over 50.
  • Compared non-blind patients with and without AMD (exudative and non-exudative) to non-blind individuals without AMD.
  • Compared blind and non-blind patients for Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular dementia (VaD), and all-cause dementia risk over five years, using propensity matching and sensitivity analyses.

Main Results:

  • Non-blind patients with AMD showed no increased dementia risk; in fact, a reduced risk for AD and all-cause dementia was observed.
  • Blindness was strongly associated with a significantly increased risk of AD, VaD, and all-cause dementia (HRs ranging from 1.383 to 1.665).
  • These patterns remained consistent across different age groups and within the blind patient cohort.

Conclusions:

  • Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is linked to a reduced risk of Alzheimer's dementia, independent of blindness.
  • Previous associations between AMD and dementia likely reflect the confounding effect of blindness, not shared AMD pathology.
  • Potential protective mechanisms may involve AMD treatments, such as AREDS2 vitamins, which could also benefit cognitive health.