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Related Concept Videos

Primary Healthcare Services01:30

Primary Healthcare Services

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Primary care promotes wellness and prevents disease. This care includes health promotion, education, protection (such as immunizations), early disease screening, and environmental considerations. Settings providing this type of healthcare include physician offices, public health clinics, school nursing, and community health nursing.
In 1978, international leaders convened in Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, for what would be a pivotal event in global health. The Alma-Ata Declaration was the first to call...
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Health promotion allows a person to control the determinants of health, resulting in an improved health status. It enhances the quality of life and reduces premature deaths. Health promotion and illness prevention programs help people make beneficial choices to reduce the risk of disease and disabilities. There are three health promotion and illness prevention levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
In primary prevention, actions taken before disease onset prevent the disease from...
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Preventive Healthcare Services01:30

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Preventive healthcare services keep people healthy via frequent check-ups, screening, and counseling. They primarily aid in disease prevention rather than treating an acute or chronic illness. Preventive treatment also keeps individuals productive and energetic, allowing them to work well into their retirement years. Examples of preventive care services include:
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Principles of Disease Surveillance01:26

Principles of Disease Surveillance

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Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...
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Healthcare Agencies II01:17

Healthcare Agencies II

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There are various healthcare agencies in the United States—some of which are managed by religious institutions and others by different government branches.
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At the different levels of the healthcare system, we see varying methods of healthcare used. These methods include managed care systems, case management, and primary healthcare.
Managed Care System:
The managed care system is designed to control the cost while maintaining the quality of care. The patient's care from admission to discharge is planned by the primary care provider or the case manager, also known as the gatekeeper. In a managed care system, the number of care providers is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Determining Soil-transmitted Helminth Infection Status and Physical Fitness of School-aged Children
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Public Health.

Barbara Ukropcová1

  • 1Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Regular exercise combats aging-related decline by improving motor, metabolic, and cognitive functions. This study investigates exercise-induced adaptive responses, focusing on exerkines and their systemic effects.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Exercise Physiology
  • Aging Research

Background:

  • Sedentary lifestyles accelerate aging, leading to declines in motor, metabolic, and cognitive functions.
  • Chronic inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and insulin resistance contribute to brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
  • Regular exercise, including aerobic and strength training, can mitigate these age-related declines and enhance brain plasticity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of short-term (3-9 months) and long-term (≥5 years) supervised aerobic-strength exercise on cognitive function, brain morphology, and metabolism.
  • To identify systemic mediators, termed exerkines, released by skeletal muscle in response to exercise.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying exercise-induced adaptive responses at systemic, organ, and molecular levels.

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Main Methods:

  • Randomized clinical trials (EMBRACE and AMETHYST) involving supervised aerobic-strength exercise.
  • Multimodal magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and spectroscopy for assessing brain structure, function, and metabolism.
  • Analysis of biological samples (plasma, muscle, cerebrospinal fluid) to identify exerkines and metabolic changes.
  • Assessment of cognitive functions, physical fitness, and quality of life.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated the sustainability and efficiency of long-term exercise programs in the elderly.
  • Identified the regulation of bioactive molecules in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in response to exercise.
  • Linked exercise-induced molecular changes to cognitive performance and overall well-being.
  • Established the role of exerkines secreted by skeletal muscle in mediating exercise benefits.

Conclusions:

  • Regular moderate-to-vigorous exercise, including combined aerobic and strength training, is a potent strategy for preventing and treating age-related cognitive decline.
  • Exerkines play a crucial role in mediating the systemic benefits of exercise.
  • This research provides a foundation for developing individualized exercise prescriptions for clinical practice.