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Cognitive reserve in early adulthood can protect against the negative effects of neighborhood disadvantage on cognitive function in later life. Higher cognitive reserve enhances resilience, particularly for executive functions, suggesting early life interventions may be beneficial.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Public Health
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Neighborhood disadvantage is linked to cognitive decline and increased risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD), independent of individual socioeconomic status (SES).
  • Previous studies on neighborhood disadvantage and cognition have been limited by geographic scope and lack of representative data on neighborhood disadvantage.
  • The moderating role of cognitive reserve on the association between neighborhood disadvantage and cognitive function in older adults remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between neighborhood-level socioeconomic disadvantage and cognitive function in a national sample of older adults.
  • To examine whether young adulthood cognitive reserve moderates the relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and cognitive performance.
  • To compare the moderating effect of cognitive reserve with years of education.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from 1149 community-dwelling, dementia-free men across the US (mean age 67.56).
  • Quantified neighborhood disadvantage using the Area Deprivation Index (ADI) and assessed five cognitive domains.
  • Controlled for individual young adult general cognitive ability (GCA) and household SES, and examined GCA and education as moderators.

Main Results:

  • Greater neighborhood disadvantage was associated with poorer executive function and processing speed.
  • The negative impact of neighborhood disadvantage on executive function was attenuated by higher young adulthood cognitive reserve (GCA).
  • Years of education did not demonstrate a similar moderating effect.

Conclusions:

  • Higher young adulthood cognitive reserve provides significant cognitive resilience against neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage in older age.
  • Cognitive reserve, not years of education, buffered the negative effects of neighborhood disadvantage on executive function.
  • Enhancing early life cognitive development may be a strategy to mitigate environmental risks to cognitive health and reduce vulnerability to MCI and AD.