Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Infection01:20

Infection

11.6K
When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
11.6K
Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology01:25

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

524
The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...
524
Cystic Fibrosis: Pathogenesis01:23

Cystic Fibrosis: Pathogenesis

676
Cystic fibrosis (CF), an autosomal recessive disorder, significantly affects the function of exocrine glands. This genetically inherited disease is characterized by the production of thick and sticky mucus, which can severely affect various organs and systems in the body.
CF is primarily caused by a genetic mutation in a chromosome 7 gene coding for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. The most common gene mutation leading to CF is the ΔF508 mutation,...
676
Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology01:29

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

2.5K
The pathophysiology of pneumonia involves the following steps:
2.5K
Stages of Infection01:26

Stages of Infection

64.7K
Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...
64.7K
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

2.6K
The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
2.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Music processing in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease: a functional MRI study.

Brain communications·2026
Same author

Autoimmune Encephalitis as Treatment-Responsive Cause of Rapidly Progressive Dementia: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study.

Neurology·2026
Same author

Ferroptotic neurodegeneration and diet: a narrative review.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same author

GWAS meta-analysis of cerebrospinal fluid Alzheimer's biomarkers reveals loci regulating lipids, brain volume and autophagy.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Characterizing Individuals Fulfilling Clinical Criteria for Limbic-Predominant Age-Related TDP-43 Encephalopathy in a Tertiary Memory Clinic.

Neurology·2026
Same author

Discovery of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for different dementias using mass spectrometry-based proteomics.

Alzheimer's & dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands)·2026
Same journal

Multimorbidity burden and patterns associated with DeepBrainNet-derived brain-age gap in dementia-free older adults: A community-based study.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same journal

Reply to "Shifting the emphasis of brain health literacy from individuals to systems to reduce inequalities".

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same journal

Shifting the emphasis of brain health literacy from individuals to systems to reduce inequalities.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same journal

Correlates and predictors of self-efficacy among dementia caregivers: D-CARE findings.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same journal

What should convince a clinician of disease modification in Alzheimer's disease clinical trials?

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same journal

Primary cilia-extracellular vesicle crosstalk in Alzheimer's disease: Emerging mechanisms and biomarker potential.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses
09:07

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses

Published on: June 14, 2020

11.5K

Basic Science and Pathogenesis.

Niels Reijner1,2,3, Danielle V Toen4, Betty M Tijms5

  • 1Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, Netherlands.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The T1-weighted/T2-weighted (T1w/T2w) ratio effectively detects microstructural changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains, differentiating AD from controls and even subtypes. This imaging marker reflects broader cortical integrity beyond just myelin.

More Related Videos

A Precise Pathogen Delivery and Recovery System for Murine Models of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia
13:45

A Precise Pathogen Delivery and Recovery System for Murine Models of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia

Published on: September 21, 2019

6.0K
Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses
08:38

Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses

Published on: February 22, 2019

6.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses
09:07

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses

Published on: June 14, 2020

11.5K
A Precise Pathogen Delivery and Recovery System for Murine Models of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia
13:45

A Precise Pathogen Delivery and Recovery System for Murine Models of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia

Published on: September 21, 2019

6.0K
Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses
08:38

Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses

Published on: February 22, 2019

6.3K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Biomarker Discovery
  • Alzheimer's Disease Research

Background:

  • Microstructural brain changes precede Alzheimer's disease (AD) onset and cognitive decline.
  • Early detection of these changes is crucial for understanding AD progression.
  • The T1-weighted/T2-weighted (T1w/T2w) MRI ratio shows potential as a biomarker but requires further validation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between the T1w/T2w ratio and histological measures of microstructural changes in AD.
  • To clarify the potential of the T1w/T2w ratio as a neuroimaging biomarker for AD and its subtypes.

Main Methods:

  • Acquired postmortem in-situ and antemortem T1w/T2w MRI scans from AD and control brain donors.
  • Processed MRI data to calculate standardized T1w/T2w ratios using SPM12 and the Brainnetome atlas.
  • Performed immunostaining on brain tissue for myelin, neuro-axonal damage, microglia, iron, Aβ, and pTau, quantifying immunoreactivity.

Main Results:

  • Postmortem AD brains exhibited a global decrease in T1w/T2w ratio compared to controls, most pronounced in the hippocampus and parahippocampus.
  • The T1w/T2w ratio was lower in typical AD compared to atypical AD in (para)hippocampal regions.
  • T1w/T2w ratios showed strong correlation between postmortem and antemortem scans and were associated with myelin, microglia, Aβ, pTau, neuro-axonal damage, and iron density in AD brains.

Conclusions:

  • The T1w/T2w ratio serves as a broad indicator of cortical tissue integrity in AD, not limited to myelin.
  • The T1w/T2w ratio can distinguish AD brains from controls and differentiate between AD subtypes.
  • This study enhances the understanding and potential application of the T1w/T2w ratio in AD research and clinical settings.