Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Infection01:20

Infection

11.6K
When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
11.6K
Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology01:25

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

524
The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...
524
Cystic Fibrosis: Pathogenesis01:23

Cystic Fibrosis: Pathogenesis

676
Cystic fibrosis (CF), an autosomal recessive disorder, significantly affects the function of exocrine glands. This genetically inherited disease is characterized by the production of thick and sticky mucus, which can severely affect various organs and systems in the body.
CF is primarily caused by a genetic mutation in a chromosome 7 gene coding for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. The most common gene mutation leading to CF is the ΔF508 mutation,...
676
Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology01:29

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

2.5K
The pathophysiology of pneumonia involves the following steps:
2.5K
Stages of Infection01:26

Stages of Infection

64.7K
Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...
64.7K
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

2.6K
The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
2.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A lifespan staging model of basal forebrain cholinergic vulnerability.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same author

Prefrontal parvalbumin neurons mediate working memory in a task demand-dependent manner.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

From adaptive to maladaptive myelination: White matter dynamics in cognition and neurologic disorders.

Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews·2026
Same author

Locus coeruleus degeneration is associated with cortical tau deposition and cognitive decline in older adults at familial risk of Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same author

Cardiac [<sup>18</sup>F]fluoroethoxybenzovesamicol uptake is not specific to vesicular acetylcholine transporter in mice and pigs.

Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology·2026
Same author

Citric acid water as an alternative to food restriction to motivate task performance in mice during touchscreen testing.

Lab animal·2026
Same journal

Associations of self-reported obstructive sleep apnea with cognition and dementia risk in cognitively unimpaired middle-aged adults.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same journal

Inflammation profiles in Alzheimer's disease relate to cognition and neurodegeneration.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same journal

Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome stage modifies the efficacy of intensive blood pressure control on cognitive outcomes: A post hoc analysis of SPRINT MIND.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same journal

Evidence of APOE4-related brain vulnerabilities in verbal memory systems in midlife women.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same journal

Changes in DNA methylation-based aging predicts brain damage and dementia and reflects life-course cardiovascular risk.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same journal

Elimination of tau tangles and soluble aggregates with the small molecule ACI-16664 prevents neurodegeneration in vivo.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses
09:07

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses

Published on: June 14, 2020

11.5K

Basic Science and Pathogenesis.

Ariel A Batallán Burrowes1,2, Madison R Longmuir1,2,3, Aya Arrar1,2,3

  • 1University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) synergizes with amyloid processing changes to impair pattern separation in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) mouse models, even before significant plaque buildup. These deficits are detectable early, highlighting ApoE4's role in AD-related cognitive decline.

More Related Videos

A Precise Pathogen Delivery and Recovery System for Murine Models of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia
13:45

A Precise Pathogen Delivery and Recovery System for Murine Models of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia

Published on: September 21, 2019

6.0K
Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses
08:38

Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses

Published on: February 22, 2019

6.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses
09:07

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses

Published on: June 14, 2020

11.5K
A Precise Pathogen Delivery and Recovery System for Murine Models of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia
13:45

A Precise Pathogen Delivery and Recovery System for Murine Models of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia

Published on: September 21, 2019

6.0K
Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses
08:38

Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses

Published on: February 22, 2019

6.3K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Alzheimer's Disease (AD) involves cognitive deficits due to amyloid-beta and tau pathology affecting neuronal networks.
  • Pattern separation, crucial for memory and hippocampal function, declines with AD progression.
  • Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) is a major genetic risk factor for AD, linked to earlier onset and cognitive impairment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the interaction between ApoE4, amyloid precursor protein (App) variations, and MAPT (tau) in a humanized mouse model.
  • To evaluate the impact of these genetic factors on hippocampal function and pattern separation abilities.
  • To determine how ApoE4 influences AD pathology and cognitive deficits.

Main Methods:

  • Humanized mouse models with varying ApoE, App, and MAPT genes were utilized.
  • Pattern separation was assessed using the touchscreen location discrimination (LD) task across multiple ages (6-16 months).
  • Hippocampal amyloid pathology was quantified biochemically and via immunofluorescence.

Main Results:

  • AppNL-ApoE4 and AppNL-F-ApoE4 mice showed significantly poorer pattern separation than ApoE3 counterparts.
  • AppNL-F-ApoE4 mice exhibited the most severe deficits, correlating with increased amyloid-beta (Aβ42) and plaque pathology.
  • Early pattern separation deficits were observed independent of significant insoluble amyloid accumulation.

Conclusions:

  • Minor alterations in amyloid processing combined with ApoE4 significantly drive pattern separation deficits in AD models.
  • These deficits are detectable early in life, suggesting a critical role for ApoE4 in early AD pathogenesis.
  • Further research is needed to explore the contribution of soluble amyloid oligomers and ApoE4's direct effects on neurogenesis.