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Infection

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
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The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...
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Cystic fibrosis (CF), an autosomal recessive disorder, significantly affects the function of exocrine glands. This genetically inherited disease is characterized by the production of thick and sticky mucus, which can severely affect various organs and systems in the body.
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Stages of Infection01:26

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Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses
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Basic Science and Pathogenesis.

Zichun Xiao1

  • 1Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Interleukin-27 (IL-27) gene therapy in Alzheimer's disease (AD) models shows neuroprotective effects. This approach reduced inflammation and preserved cognitive function, offering a potential new therapeutic strategy for AD.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Gene Therapy

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a leading cause of dementia, posing a significant public health challenge.
  • While anti-amyloid therapies show limited efficacy and side effects, understanding AD pathogenesis is crucial for developing new treatments.
  • Alternative therapeutic strategies are needed to address the complexities of AD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neuroprotective potential of Interleukin-27 (IL-27) in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of adeno-associated virus-mediated IL-27 delivery in mitigating AD-related pathology and cognitive decline.

Main Methods:

  • Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors encoding mouse IL-27 (AAV-IL-27) were generated.
  • AAV-IL-27 was delivered via stereotactic injection into the lateral ventricles of 5xFAD Alzheimer's disease mice.

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  • Mice were assessed for neuroprotection, cognitive function, and inflammatory markers from 4 to 7.5 months post-treatment.

    • Main Results:

    • Intraventricular AAV-IL-27 delivery successfully expressed IL-27 in neurons, with elevated IL-27 receptor expression in key brain regions.
    • AAV-IL-27 treated mice demonstrated preserved neuro-cognitive function in behavioral tests.
    • Treatment reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1 expression and limited neuronal synaptic damage.

    Conclusions:

    • IL-27 exhibits intrinsic neuroprotective properties within the central nervous system (CNS).
    • Modulation of CNS inflammatory responses by IL-27 alleviates neuronal damage associated with Alzheimer's disease.
    • IL-27 gene therapy presents a promising therapeutic avenue for AD.