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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
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Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses
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Basic Science and Pathogenesis.

Chengcheng Song1, Ting Yang1, Niccolo Terrando1

  • 1Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Annexin-A1 (ANXA1) protects the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in a mouse model of dementia after surgery. This finding suggests ANXA1 as a potential therapy for delirium superimposed on dementia (DSD).

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Postoperative delirium is a critical issue in elderly patients, particularly those with neurodegeneration.
  • Surgical trauma can activate microglia and impair cognition, with the blood-brain barrier (BBB) playing a key role in delirium.
  • Currently, no effective treatments exist for delirium superimposed on dementia (DSD).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neuroprotective potential of Annexin-A1 (ANXA1) in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) undergoing orthopedic surgery.
  • To evaluate ANXA1's effect on blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and microglial activation following surgical trauma.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a 3xTg-AD mouse model (12 months old) subjected to orthopedic surgery.
  • Assessed neutrophil levels, endothelial markers (fibrinogen, VCAM1), and microglial activation (IBA-1, CD68) post-surgery.
  • Administered ANXA1 treatment to evaluate its therapeutic effects.

Main Results:

  • Orthopedic surgery triggered a significant inflammatory response and neutrophilia in 3xTg-AD mice.
  • ANXA1 treatment did not alter circulating neutrophil counts.
  • ANXA1 significantly mitigated BBB dysfunction and reduced microglial activation.

Conclusions:

  • Annexin-A1 (ANXA1) demonstrates neuroprotective properties by preserving blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity.
  • ANXA1 shows promise as a novel therapeutic agent for preventing or treating delirium superimposed on dementia (DSD).