Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Infection01:20

Infection

11.6K
When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
11.6K
Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology01:25

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

524
The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...
524
Cystic Fibrosis: Pathogenesis01:23

Cystic Fibrosis: Pathogenesis

676
Cystic fibrosis (CF), an autosomal recessive disorder, significantly affects the function of exocrine glands. This genetically inherited disease is characterized by the production of thick and sticky mucus, which can severely affect various organs and systems in the body.
CF is primarily caused by a genetic mutation in a chromosome 7 gene coding for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. The most common gene mutation leading to CF is the ΔF508 mutation,...
676
Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology01:29

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

2.5K
The pathophysiology of pneumonia involves the following steps:
2.5K
Stages of Infection01:26

Stages of Infection

64.7K
Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...
64.7K
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

2.6K
The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
2.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same authorSame journal

Kat5 cKO mouse replicates biological domain signatures associated with Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same author

Neuroinflammation in glaucoma: a myriad of cellular pathways and players.

Mammalian genome : official journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society·2026
Same author

WSB.APP/PS1 mice develop age-dependent cerebral amyloid angiopathy, cerebrovascular dysfunction, and white matter deficits.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same author

Alzheimer's disease biological domain sub-stratification enhances the precision of functional analyses.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same author

Mapping cross-domain drivers of Alzheimer's disease risk through integrated network analysis.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same author

Single-subject proteomic signatures in Alzheimer's disease reflect clinical phenotypes and distinguish asymptomatic from symptomatic cases.

Alzheimer's & dementia (New York, N. Y.)·2026
Same journal

Evidence for progressive neurodegeneration in iatrogenic cerebral amyloid angiopathy.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same journal

Human brain connectome profiles mediate the relationship between pathology burden and clinical phenotypes in Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same journal

Evaluation of CSF and plasma tau species as fluid surrogate candidates for tau PET in prodromal to moderate Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same journal

Associations of self-reported obstructive sleep apnea with cognition and dementia risk in cognitively unimpaired middle-aged adults.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same journal

Inflammation profiles in Alzheimer's disease relate to cognition and neurodegeneration.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses
09:07

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses

Published on: June 14, 2020

11.5K

Basic Science and Pathogenesis.

Yi Juin Liew1, Michael Maclean1, Gareth R Howell1

  • 1The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genetic background significantly influences brain aging trajectories and Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. This study reveals strain-specific aging signatures and molecular mechanisms, highlighting the importance of genetic diversity in neurodegeneration research.

More Related Videos

A Precise Pathogen Delivery and Recovery System for Murine Models of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia
13:45

A Precise Pathogen Delivery and Recovery System for Murine Models of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia

Published on: September 21, 2019

6.0K
Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses
08:38

Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses

Published on: February 22, 2019

6.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses
09:07

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses

Published on: June 14, 2020

11.5K
A Precise Pathogen Delivery and Recovery System for Murine Models of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia
13:45

A Precise Pathogen Delivery and Recovery System for Murine Models of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia

Published on: September 21, 2019

6.0K
Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses
08:38

Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses

Published on: February 22, 2019

6.3K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Aging Research

Background:

  • Age is a primary risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), with individual susceptibility influenced by brain aging heterogeneity.
  • Understanding genetic contributions to aging variability is key to differentiating normal aging from early AD pathology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify normal brain aging signatures across nine wild-type mouse strains.
  • To capture biological variability in aging trajectories often missed in single-strain studies.
  • To investigate the influence of genetic background on brain aging and its relation to AD.

Main Methods:

  • RNA-sequencing of brain hemispheres from nine wild-type mouse strains at three age timepoints (4, 12, 24 months).
  • Identification of strain-specific aging signatures by comparing gene expression at later timepoints to the baseline (4 months).
  • Differential expression analysis, gene set enrichment, and Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) to identify aging-associated pathways and common signatures.

Main Results:

  • Limited and variable strain-specific aging signatures at 12 months, with distinct signatures emerging by 24 months.
  • Common disruptions in immune response and inflammation observed across strains by 24 months, with varying magnitude and rate.
  • Strain-specific overlaps with AD-related processes identified, including synaptic downregulation (NOD), proteostasis disruptions (WSB, NZO, 129), and altered lipid metabolism (CAST).

Conclusions:

  • Brain aging involves both shared and strain-specific molecular mechanisms, with genetic background playing a critical role in neurodegeneration risk.
  • Aging signatures intensify over time, with significant pathway enrichment at 24 months indicating accelerated aging processes.
  • Studying heterogeneous aging trajectories is essential for understanding dynamic age-related changes and the impact of baseline genetic differences.