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Related Concept Videos

Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Long-term Depression01:05

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
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Long-term Depression01:03

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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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If over time, all...
Neurogenesis and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue01:15

Neurogenesis and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue

In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...
Neuroplasticity01:01

Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Application of an Amplitude-integrated EEG Monitor Cerebral Function Monitor to Neonates
05:58

Application of an Amplitude-integrated EEG Monitor Cerebral Function Monitor to Neonates

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Early Life Resting-State Network Functional Connectivity and Long-Term Neurodevelopmental Outcomes after Neonatal

Daphne Kamino1, Anwar S Shatil1, Jessy Parokaran Varghese1

  • 1From the Neurosciences and Mental Health Program (D.K., A.S.S., J.P.V., E.W., B.T.D., V.C., E.W.Y.T.), SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology
|December 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Early brain scans in neonates with encephalopathy show specific functional connectivity patterns are linked to later development. Resting-state network functional connectivity (FC) in the first week of life can predict 36-month neurodevelopmental outcomes.

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Pediatrics
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Neonatal encephalopathy (NE) poses a significant risk for long-term neurodevelopmental impairments.
  • Early assessment of brain function in NE survivors is crucial for identifying those at higher risk.
  • Resting-state network (RSN) functional connectivity (FC) offers a potential window into early brain function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between RSN FC in the first week of life and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 18 and 36 months in NE survivors.
  • To determine if early functional brain connectivity can predict long-term neurodevelopmental trajectories.
  • To explore specific RSNs and their association with cognitive and behavioral outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective cohort study of therapeutic hypothermia-treated neonates with NE.
  • Resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) was performed in the first week of life.
  • Seed-based correlation analyses were used to assess FC within and between 6 RSNs, with follow-up at 18 and 36 months.

Main Results:

  • Of 72 neonates, 52 had adequate rs-fMRI data; 45 completed 36-month follow-up.
  • Intra-RSN FC strength did not correlate with 18- or 36-month outcomes after multiple comparisons correction.
  • Specific Somatomotor RSN connectivity (motor areas) correlated with language scores, and Ventral Attention RSN connectivity (temporoparietal junction) correlated with externalizing behavior scores at 36 months.

Conclusions:

  • RSN FC in the first week of life is associated with 36-month neurodevelopmental outcomes in NE survivors.
  • Early rs-fMRI can offer valuable clinical insights for predicting long-term neurodevelopmental trajectories.
  • This non-invasive imaging technique may aid in early risk stratification and intervention planning.