Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Infection01:20

Infection

11.6K
When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
11.6K
Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology01:25

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

524
The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...
524
Cystic Fibrosis: Pathogenesis01:23

Cystic Fibrosis: Pathogenesis

676
Cystic fibrosis (CF), an autosomal recessive disorder, significantly affects the function of exocrine glands. This genetically inherited disease is characterized by the production of thick and sticky mucus, which can severely affect various organs and systems in the body.
CF is primarily caused by a genetic mutation in a chromosome 7 gene coding for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. The most common gene mutation leading to CF is the ΔF508 mutation,...
676
Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology01:29

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

2.5K
The pathophysiology of pneumonia involves the following steps:
2.5K
Stages of Infection01:26

Stages of Infection

64.7K
Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...
64.7K
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

2.6K
The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
2.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Optineurin is a gatekeeper of mitochondrial health and proteostasis in Alzheimer's disease vulnerable neurons.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Translational reprogramming of dentate gyrus peptidergic circuitry gates antidepressant efficacy.

Molecular psychiatry·2026
Same author

Single-cell map of the female brain across reproductive transitions.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Radial-glia-to-astrocyte trans-differentiation and astrocyte transcriptional convergence are coordinated by CEH-43/DLX in <i>C. elegans</i>.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

Disentangling associations between complex traits and cell types with seismic.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

The acoustic properties, syllable structure, and syllable sequences of ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) during neonatal opioid withdrawal in FVB/N mouse substrains.

Addiction neuroscience·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses
09:07

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses

Published on: June 14, 2020

11.5K

Basic Science and Pathogenesis.

Patricia Rodriguez Rodriguez1, Wei Wang2, Christina Tsagkogianni3

  • 1Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Researchers investigated early Alzheimer

More Related Videos

A Precise Pathogen Delivery and Recovery System for Murine Models of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia
13:45

A Precise Pathogen Delivery and Recovery System for Murine Models of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia

Published on: September 21, 2019

6.0K
Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses
08:38

Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses

Published on: February 22, 2019

6.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses
09:07

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses

Published on: June 14, 2020

11.5K
A Precise Pathogen Delivery and Recovery System for Murine Models of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia
13:45

A Precise Pathogen Delivery and Recovery System for Murine Models of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia

Published on: September 21, 2019

6.0K
Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses
08:38

Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses

Published on: February 22, 2019

6.3K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Entorhinal cortex layer II (ECII) neurons are primary sites for tau pathology in preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  • The early pathological cascade and transcriptional changes in EC neurons leading to neurofibrillary tangles are poorly understood.
  • Understanding these early changes is crucial for identifying therapeutic targets before symptom onset.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To profile cell-type-specific molecular alterations in the human entorhinal cortex (EC) at the earliest stages of AD neuropathology.
  • To investigate molecular changes coinciding with incipient tau pathology in asymptomatic individuals.
  • To identify potential multicellular mechanisms involved in early AD pathogenesis within the EC.

Main Methods:

  • Single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) of postmortem human EC tissue from asymptomatic individuals.
  • Fluorescence-activated neuron nucleus sorting (FANS) for cell-type specific analysis.
  • Immunofluorescence and multiplex in situ hybridization to validate findings and identify specific pathways and neuron types.

Main Results:

  • Early glial response, particularly by disease-associated microglia, to amyloid pathology was observed.
  • Dysregulation of the Reelin signaling pathway in ECII neurons was identified, coinciding with incipient tau pathology.
  • Downregulation of synaptic organizer molecules NPTX2 and CBLN4, potential AD biomarkers, in surrounding neurons suggests a multicellular mechanism.

Conclusions:

  • The study reveals a complex multicellular landscape in the EC during the silent phase of AD.
  • Identified pathway dysregulation and cell-cell communication provide insights into early neurodegeneration mechanisms.
  • Findings open novel therapeutic avenues for targeting early AD pathogenesis and neurofibrillary tangle formation.